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Review
. 2009 Jul 15;8(14):2168-74.
doi: 10.4161/cc.8.14.9074. Epub 2009 Jul 20.

Microtubule network asymmetry in motile cells: role of Golgi-derived array

Tatiana Vinogradova  1 , Paul M Miller, Irina Kaverina
Affiliations
Review

Microtubule network asymmetry in motile cells: role of Golgi-derived array

Tatiana Vinogradova et al. Cell Cycle. .

Abstract

Cell migration requires polarization of the cell into the leading edge and the trailing edge. Microtubules (MTs) are indispensable for polarized cell migration in the majority of cell types. To support cell polarity, MT network has to be functionally and structurally asymmetric. How is this asymmetry achieved? In interphase cells, MTs form a dynamic system radiating from a centrosome-based MT-organizing center (MTOC) to the cell edges. Symmetry of this radial array can be broken according to four general principles. Asymmetry occurs due to differential modulation of MT dynamics, relocation of existing MTs within a cell, adding an asymmetric nucleation site, and/or repositioning of a symmetric nucleation site to one side of a cell. Combinations of these asymmetry regulation principles result in a variety of asymmetric MT networks typical for diverse motile cell types. Importantly, an asymmetric MT array is formed at a non-conventional MT nucleation site, the Golgi. Here, we emphasize the contribution of this array to the asymmetry of MT network.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Principles of MT asymmetry
Radial array (top) can be transformed into asymmetric network by 1) modulations of MT dynamics, 2) re-positioning of existing MTs, 3) directional MT formation at alternative MT nucleation sites (bottom, right) and/or 4) repositioning of MTOCs within a cell.
Figure 2
Figure 2. MT asymmetry requires Golgi-derived MTs
Immunostained MTs in control (A,B), CLASP- (C,D) and GCC185-depleted (E,F) cells. CLASP depleted cells lack non-centrosomal MTs, while in GCC185 non-centrosomal MTs are not associated with the Golgi due to CLASP mis-localization. Red arrows mark the front lamella direction. B,D,F, For analysis, central area is excluded and the rest of the cell divided in 4 sectors. For each sector, detectable MT numbers and average fluorescent intensity as percent of overall intensity are shown. G, Average percentage of edge MTs intensity distributed in 4 cell sectors. 20 cells for each set were analyzed. Note decreased asymmetry of diagrams for CLASP and GCC185-depleted cells. Standard deviations for front to back intensity proportion (not shown) do not overlap between control and knockdown cell populations.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Non-centrosomal asymmetric MT array at the Golgi
A. After MTs nucleation by γ-TuRC at cis-Golgi or in cytosol, those MT seeds, which redistribute to the TGN continue growing due to CLASP-dependent stabilization and anchoring to the TGN by GCC185. B, After MTs nucleation by γ-TuRC at cis-Golgi, those MTs, which extend to the TGN continue growing due to CLASP-dependent stabilization.
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