Affiliations

• ¹ Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, 3rd Floor, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Room 2C, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, HSC 2U1, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
• ² Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada.
• ³ Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada.
• ⁴ Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood Building T152, 150 Governor's Lane, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
• ⁵ Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, 3rd Floor, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood Building T152, 150 Governor's Lane, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, 390 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: jioannid@stanford.edu.