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Review
. 1993 Oct;27(4):367-74.

Dysbarism: the medical problems from high and low atmospheric pressure

P B James  1
Affiliations
Review

Dysbarism: the medical problems from high and low atmospheric pressure

P B James. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1993 Oct.

Abstract

The most serious problems resulting from a change in ambient pressure are pulmonary barotrauma with air embolism and decompression sickness. The small differential pressures used in ventilators at atmospheric pressure may tear lung tissue and, in diving, deaths have occurred from the expansion of pulmonary gas on an ascent of less than two metres. The bubbles of respired gas that enter the systemic circulation often occlude cerebral arteries and may cause infarction. In decompression sickness, bubbles form in the tissues from supersaturation of the nitrogen or helium absorbed under pressure. Joint pain--the 'bends'--is associated with gas in particular connective tissue. Serious decompression sickness results from the entry of microbubbles into the systemic veins. Large numbers of bubbles trapped in the lung cause an acute respiratory syndrome known as 'chokes'. If the lung filter is overwhelmed, or microbubbles pass into the systemic arteries through an atrial septal defect, they may open the blood-brain barrier, affecting brain and spinal cord function. Untreated, demyelination with relative preservation of axons may occur, the pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. Gas bubble disease requires urgent compression in a hyperbaric chamber and the use of high partial pressures of oxygen.

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Comment in

  • Decompression sickness on mountains.
    Pollard AJ, Pollard RC. Pollard AJ, et al. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994 Jan-Feb;28(1):88-9. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994. PMID: 8169898 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

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  • Decompression sickness on mountains.
    Pollard AJ, Pollard RC. Pollard AJ, et al. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994 Jan-Feb;28(1):88-9. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994. PMID: 8169898 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

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