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Shishin or Shijin (Japanese)
Four Guardians of the Compass
Celestial Emblems of Chinese Emperor
Dragon = East, Spring, Green, Water
Red Bird (Phoenix) = South, Summer, Red, Fire
Tiger (Kirin) = West, Fall, White, Metal
Tortoise (Black Warrior) = North, Winter, Black
Origin: China
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HISTORICAL NOTES
At the heart of Chinese mythology are four spiritual creatures, each guarding a direction on the compass. Each creature has a corresponding season, color, element, and virtue. Further, each corresponds to a quadrant in the sky, with each quadrant containing seven seishuku, or star constellations. There was a fifth direction -- the center, representing China itself -- which carried its own seishuku. In Japan, the symbolism of the four creatures appears to have merged with and been supplanted by the Shitenno (Four Heavenly Kings). The latter four are the Buddhist guardians of the four directions who serve Lord Taishakuten (who represents the center). In any case, the four animals are much more prevalent in artwork in China than in Japan, although in Japan one can still find groupings of the four creatures. Also, over the centuries, it appears that the Japanese substituted the Big Bird with the Phoenix, and the Tiger with the mythological Kirin (editor: need to confirm this). The four creatures were probably introduced to Japan from China sometime in the 7th century AD (see Takamatsu Zuka Tombs below), but in China they date back to the 2nd century BC.
Exerpt from "Chinese Mythology: An Encyclopedia
of Myth and Legend" by Derek Walters, ASIN: 1855380803
Also see: www.sempai.org/~felicia/myth.html#suzaku
"The Four Directions, East, South, West and North, represent the four seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Together with the Center, which in Chinese is synonymous with China itself, they form the five cardinal points. The Four Directions have been represented at least since the second century BC by four celestial animals, the Dragon for the East, the Bird for the South, the Tiger for the West, and the Tortoise for the North. Each animal has its own colour: the Dragon is the Green of Spring, the Bird the red of Fire, the Tiger of Autumn the glittering white of metal (of ploughshares or swords), and the Tortoise Black, for night, or water. The four celestial animals, which have no connection with the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac, are also the names of the four divisions of the sky. The Dragon's Heart, the Pleiades, and the Bird Star are the names of three of the lunar mansions which marked the central position of the Dragon, Tiger and Bird. As there was no identifying star at the centre of the Black Tortoise, the appropriate place (the eleventh mansion) was called Void."
< end quote from Derek Walters >
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 EAST
Dragon; Ryu or Seiryu in Japan, Long in China.
Japan's dragon lore comes mostly from China, although the dragon originated in India, for it is a member of the Hindu NAGA family of serpentine creatures. The mortal enemy of the dragon is the bird-man Karura.
 The dragon corresponds to the season spring, the color blue, the element water, and the virtue propriety; supports and maintains the country (controls rain, symbol of the Emperor's power). Often paired with the Phoenix, for the two represent both conflict and wedded bliss. In both China and Japan, dragon and phoenix symbolism is associated closely with the imperial family -- the emperor (dragon) and the empress (phoenix).
Represents the yang principle; often portrayed surrounded by water or clouds. In Chinese mythology, there are five types of dragon: (1) the celestial dragons who guard the abodes of the gods; (2) dragon spirits, who rule over wind and rain but can also cause flooding; (3) earth dragons, who cleanse the rivers and deepen the oceans; (4) treasure-guarding dragons; and (5) imperial dragons, those with five claws instead of the usual four.
The dragon is a mythical creature resembling a snake -- reflecting its membership in the Hindu NAGA family of serpentine creatures. It is also a member of the Hachi Bushu (the eight protectors of Buddhism). Dragons are said to be shape shifters (need to provide example and source). In contrast to Western mythology, dragons are rarely depicted as malevolent. Although fearsome and powerful, they are equally considered just, benevolent, and the bringers of wealth and good fortune. For much more on the Asian dragon, please click here.
The Dragon's seven seishuku are:
- Su Boshi
- Ami Boshi
- Tomo Boshi
- Soi Boshi
- Nakago Boshi
- Ashitare Boshi
- Mi Boshi
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 SOUTH
Red Bird, Big Bird, Suzaku, Phoenix
Feng-huang or Feng in China. In Japan, the red bird is known as "Suzaku," although in Japan its symbolism has been confused and merged with that of the Phoenix (Ho-oo).
Corresponds to summer, red, fire, and knowledge; makes small seeds grow into giant trees (need to give source). Often paired with the dragon, for the two represent both conflict and wedded bliss; dragon (emperor) and phoenix (empress). Portrayed with radiant feathers, and an enchanting song; only appears in times of good fortune.
 Its seven seishuku are:
- Chichiri Boshi
- Tamahome Boshi
- Nuriko Boshi
- Hotohori Boshi
- ChirikoBoshi
- Tasuki Boshi
- Mitsukake Boshi
- Moon Stations of the Red Bird
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/summer.htm
The Red Bird of the South (Suzaku)
Found on tomb wall at Kitora Kofun
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/kitora.htm
Photo courtesy Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara
Archaeological dating places its construction to the
Asuka period (7th to early 8th centuries)
For many more details/photos,
please visit the Phoenix Page
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 WEST
WHITE TIGER (China) / KIRIN (Japan)
A unicorn-like creature who guards Buddha's teachings and mankind; observes world with clairvoyance; corresponds to the season fall, the color white, wind, the element metal, and the virtue righteousness.
 In Japan, the tiger (it appears) was confused/replaced with the mythological Chinese Ch'i-lin (Qilin), which is rendered Kirin (Ki-lin) in Japan. I am not entirely sure about this replacement, however, and I might be wrong. The Kirin is said to have the body of a deer, the tail of an ox, the hooves of a horse, a body covered with the scales of a fish, and a single horn. The Kirin appears only before the birth or death of a great and wise person. Said to life in paradise, the Kirin personifies all that is good, pure, and peaceful; can live to be 1,000 years old.
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Byakko (White Tiger)
Takamatsu Zuka Tombs
www2.gol.com/
users/stever/asuka.htm
From Research Report of Cultural Heritage in Asuka Village Vol. 3. A primary center of power in Japan in the 6th and 7th centuries, Asuka lies about 12 miles south of Nara in the Kinki District; home to many ancient temples and tombs. Discovered early 1970s.
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Says Donald Mackenzie
(see resources for details);
"The White Tiger of the West, for instance, is associated with metal. When, therefore, metal is placed in a grave, a ceremonial connection with the tiger-god is effected. According to the Chinese Annals of Wu and Yueh, three days after the burial of the king, the essence of the element metal assumed the shape of a white tiger and crouched down on the top of the grave. Here the tiger is a protector - a preserver. As we have seen, white jade was used when the Tiger god of the West was worshipped; it is known as 'tiger jade;' a tiger was depicted on the jade symbol. To the Chinese the tiger was the king of all animals and lord of the mountains, and the tiger-jade ornament was specially reserved for commanders of armies. The male tiger was, among other things, the god of war, and in this capacity it not only assisted the armies of the emperors, but fought the demons that threatened the dead in their graves."
KIRIN, Below text courtesy of:
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Kirin
 A mythical horned Chinese deer-like creature said to appear only when a sage has appeared. It is a good omen associated with serenity and prosperity. Often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body. In most drawings, its head looks like that of a Chinese dragon (see dragon above). Japanese art typically depicts the Kirin as more deer-like than its Chinese counterpart. Kirin is sometimes translated in English as "unicorn," because it looks similar to the unicorn -- the later a hoofed mythological horse-like beast with a single horn on its head. Some accounts describe it as having the body of a deer and the head of a lion.
The Tiger's (Kirin's) seven seishuku are:
- Tokaki Boshi
- Tatara Boshi
- Ekie Boshi
- Subaru Boshi
- Amefuri Boshi
- Toroki Boshi
- Kagasuki Boshi
The date of above pieces was not given at the eBay shops.
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 NORTH
Tortoise / Turtle / Snake
Genbu in Japanese; in Chinese, known as Gui Xian, Kuei Hsien, or Zuan-Wu (Zheng We, Xuanwu). Genbu is always listening, and is thus portrayed as completely versed in Buddha's teachings; corresponds to winter, cold, water, black, earth, and faith. The tortoise is a symbol of a long life and happiness. When it becomes one thousand years old, it is able to speak the language of humans. Able to foretell the future. In artwork, often shown together with the snake. In Japan, however, the turtle has been largely supplanted by its Buddhist counterpart, known as Tamonten, the most popular and powerful of the Shitenno (the Four Buddhist Protectors of the Four Directions). Tamonten is also known as the Black Warrior and is also called Bishamonten; like the tortoise, his imagery corresponds to north, winter, and black.
 Says Derek Walters (see resources); "One of the Celestial Emblems, the symbol of longevity and wisdom. It is said that its shell represents the vault of the universe. A common symbol for longevity is the Tortoise and Snake, whose union was thought to have engendered the universe. The reason why tortoise symbolism has been superseded by the Black Warrior as the emblem of the North, is probably due to the fact that 'tortoise' is a term of abuse." <end quote by Walters>
Turtle as Term of Abuse in China. In China, the term "turtle egg" is equivalent to calling someone a "bastard." The reasoning is simple. Turtles crawl out of the ocean, dig a hole in the sand, and with their backs to the hole, they lay their eggs. The turtle then pushes the sand back over the eggs and returns to the ocean. The eggs are left to fend for themselves. Furthermore, islanders can stand behind the turtle as it lays its eggs and catch the eggs in their hands. The turtle does not even notice. The turtle fills the empty hole -- never once looking back -- and crawls into the ocean.
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Turtle Entwined with Snake
Wood, Date Unknown
Photo courtesy of
www.rarebooksinjapan.com
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Says Donald Mackenzie (see resources); "In China the tortoise had divine attributes. Tortoise shell is a symbol of unchangeability, and a symbol or rank when used for court girdles. The tortoise was also used for purposes of divination. A gigantic mythical tortoise is supposed, in the Far East, to live in the depths of the ocean. It has one eye situated in the middle of its body. Once every three thousand years it rises to the surface and turns over on its back so that it may see the sun." <end quote Mackenzie>
A turtle's shell (plastron) also symbolizes a suit of armor, hence the turtle is also called the Black Warrior (Xuanwu in Chinese).
Genbu's seven seishuku are:
- Hikistu Boshi
- Inami Boshi
- Uruki Boshi
- Tomite Boshi
- Umiyame Boshi
- Hatsui Boshi
- Namame Boshi
Tomb of Oe Hiromoto (in Kamakura; 1225 AD)
Oe was Yoritomo Minamoto's celebrated counselor
during the founding of the Kamakura Shogunate.
He was a distinguished scholar credited with
conceiving and organizing the Kamakura system.
Another nearby tomb, with similar turtle/snake design,
is that of Shimazu Tadahisa, the illegitimate son of Yoritomo.
More on Tortoise and Snake Symbolism
Below text courtesy Gabi Greve
www.amie.or.jp/daruma/Tsurukame.html
Tortoise and Snake 亀と蛇
In Chinese culture, especially under the influence of Taoism (道教) the tortoise is the symbol of heaven and earth, its shell compared to the vaulted heaven and the underside to the flat disc of the earth. The tortoise was the hero of many ancient legends. It helped the First Chinese Emperor to tame the Yellow River, so Shang-di rewarded the animal with a life span of Ten Thousand Years. Thus the tortoise became a symbol for Long Life. It also stands for immutability and steadfastness.
We often see stone grave steles on a stone tortoise or reliquaries standing on it. The tortoise is also regarded as an immortal creature. As there are no male tortoise -- as the ancient believed -- the female had to mate with a snake. Thus the tortoise embracing a snake became the protector symbol of the north, but since the word "tortoise" was taboo in Chinese, it was referred to as the "dark warrior" (genbu 玄武 ) and finally became Zhenwu (in Chinese Taoism), one of the four protector gods of the four directions. The symbol of Zhenwu, the Protector God of the North, as tortoise and snake (or tortoise entwined by a snake) dates back to the third century BC. For more on Taoism, see this online catalog about "Taoism and the Arts of China".
Tsurukame 鶴亀 - Tortoise and Crane
The crane lives 1,000 years and the tortoise 10.000, says a Japanese proverb. Both animals are symbols of longevity. The connection between a tortoise and a crane also dates back to China. The crane too was a symbol of Long Life and also the symbol of the relationship of Father and Son according to the Confucian philosophy. Furthermore the crane is a symbol of wisdom. When a high-ranking Taoist priest died, it was said he was "turning into a crane." In Japanese Buddhist art, we have a candle holder in the form of a crane standing on a tortoise (tsurukame shokudai 鶴亀燭台). This kind of temple decoration was often used by the New Sect of the Pure Land (Jodo Shinshuu 浄土真宗). Usually the crane was carrying a lotos flower with a long stem in his mouth and the flower was formed in a way to hold the candle. These types of illumination stands were produced since the Muromachi Period (1333 - 1573 AD). <end quote from Gabi Greve>
MORE ON THE BLACK WARRIOR
The Chinese Dark Lord of the North - Xuan Wu
Below Text Courtesy of:
The Online Journal of the I Ching, Yi Jing
The Dark Lord of the North (Xuan Wu Da Di) is a deity that comes from the pre-history of shamanic times (c. 6000 BC). In relatively modern Chinese prehistory (c. 1200 BC) the Dark Lord has become the human figure of a warrior with wild, unruly black hair, dressed in the primitive clothing of the tribal peoples of Neolithic times. He is powerful and strong deity capable of powerful punishments and redemptive deliverance. He is frequently depicted as the black tortoise who rules over the direction North in Chinese cosmology. He is called " Xuan" for the color black and " Wu" meaning "tortoise.
Prehistory: The Snake and the Tortoise
The Dark Lord speaks to a more ancient myth, that of the snake and the tortoise, in religious prehistory. Very ancient drawings of a black snake and tortoise together symbolize the Dark Lord. These reptilian creatures, the snake and tortoise, were probably themselves worshipped or were powerful medicine to help in overcoming one's enemies. From Shang times onward, the flag bearing this symbol (snake and tortoise) was part of the king's color guard. In Neolithic prehistory the tortoise -- also known as the somber warrior -- and snake together are the symbols or totems of a powerful shaman who fights evil against the demons of the Invisible World. According to ancient tradition, the black tortoise is yin; the snake yang. <end quote by Online Journal of the I Ching>
TURTLE PROVERB
Below Text Courtesy of the
Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
http://www.acmuller.net/ddb/ (sign in with user name "guest")
 Old Chinese spelling; pronounced "kame" in Japan; means turtle
The rareness of meeting a Buddha is compared with the difficulty of a blind sea-turtle finding a log to float on, or a one-eyed tortoise finding a log with a spy-hole through it." from soothill
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CENTER, Synonymous with China itself
Tenkyoku (Pangu; see below).
Associated with virtue of benevolence. The seishuku (constellations) are:
- Taishi Boshi
- Tei Boshi
- Shoshi Boshi
- Koukyuu Boshi
- Kyoku Boshi
- Shiho Boshi
- ????
Pangu (Chinese Adam) and the Four Mythical Creatures
Text courtesy www.chinavoc.com/history/ancient/legend.htm
China has a history longer than that of any other present day nation. We have plenty of myths and legends. The first figure in our history is Pangu, regarded as the Chinese Adam by westerners.
According to legend, in the beginning there was only darkness and chaos. Then an extremely large egg appeared. This vast egg was subjected to two opposing forces or principles. The interaction of the two forces -- yin, the passive or negative female principle, and yang, the active or positive male principle -- caused the egg to produce Pangu, and the shell to separate. The upper half of the shell formed the heaven, and the lower half the earth.
Pangu has been depicted in many ways. He sometimes appears as a dwarf with two horns on his head, clothed in skin or leaves. He may be holding a hammer in one hand and a chisel in the other, or perhaps the symbol of yin and yang. He may also be shown holding the sun in one hand and the moon in the other. He is often depicted with his companions the four supernatural animals - the phoenix, the dragon, the unicorn and the tortoise. In any case, Pangu grew rapidly and increased his height by six to ten feet daily. He hammered and chiseled a massive piece of granite floating aimlessly in space, and as he worked, the heavens and the earth became progressively wider. He labored ceaselessly for eighteen thousand years and finally he separated heaven from earth. His body dissolved when his work was done.
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LEARN MORE
- Tsurukame -- Crane, Tortoise and Snake Symbolism
Mr. Gabi Greve www.amie.or.jp/daruma/Tsurukame.html
- Derek Walters
Chinese Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend
ASIN: 1855380803
- Donald A. Mackenzie
China and Japan Myths and Legends
ASIN: 1859580130
- Kitora Kofun Tombs, Takamatsu Zuka Tombs
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/kitora.htm
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/asuka.htm
- Wonderful Site for Textual Info on Buddhism
campross.crosswinds.net/ShuteiMandala/4kings.html
- Four Animals, espeicially the KIRIN
www.chartpak.com/pelikan/kirin_story.html
- The Four -- Plus 28 Star Lodgings
www.sempai.org/~felicia/myth.html#suzaku
- Says Phoenix is Karura (which I believe is wrong)
www.boadicea.net/saintseiya/ikki/mythology.htm
- Astrology, More on the Constellations
www.pp.htv.fi/ivilkki/Chinese_Calendar_and_Astrology.html
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/charts.htm
Moon Stations of the Red Bird
http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/summer.htm
Modern reproductions of old Chinese imagery.
Above photo courtesy of eStore at:
www.asahi-net.or.jp/~QI3M-OONK/tosyokan/fantasy/w-sisin.htm
Japanese-language only; eStore selling various items
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