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 Mandara (Japanese)
Mandala (Sanskrit)
Origin India
17 photos on this page
The mandala, Hindu in origin, is a graphic depiction of the spiritual universe and its myriad realms and deities. Much later, first in China then Japan, the mandala was adopted as a powerful aid to meditation and concentration for practitioners of Esoteric Buddhism. For more details on Esoteric Buddhism, please see the Three Main Schools and the Myo-o pages.
Mandala scrolls and paintings became popular in Japan in the 9th century with the growth of the Shingon and Tendai Sects of Esoteric Buddhism, which arose in reaction against the expanding wealth and power of organized Buddhism. The founders of Esoteric Buddhism in Japan were Priest Kuukai (774 - 835 AD) and Priest Saichou (767 - 822 AD). Kuukai, also called Koubou Daishi (Kobo Daishi), founded the Shingon Sect of Esoteric Buddhism, while Priest Saichou founded the Tendai Sect. Both traveled to China to study and learn the secrets of Esoteric Buddhism, and both returned to Japan with numerous artworks and sutras to help spread the teachings. Yet, the oldest surviving color mandala in Japan is thought to be a copy of the Ryoukai Mandara (from China) which was brought to Japan in 859 AD by the Tendai priest, Enchin. See below photo.
The most widely known mandala form in Japan is the Ryoukai Mandala (Two World Mandala). Sometimes also pronounced as Ryougai Mandala. It is composed of two separate mandala, which together represent the central devotional images of Esoteric Buddhism in Japan. The Taizoukai (Womb World Mandala, Sanskrit = Garbhadhatu) is based on the Dainichikyou Sutra, while the Kongoukai (Daimond World Mandala, Sanskrit = Vajradhatu) is based on the Kongouchoukyou Sutra. Even today, in Japanese Shingon temples, two large mandalas are typically mounted on wooden screens at right angles to the axis of the image platform. The mandala on the east side is the Kongoukai Mandala, and the mandala on the west side is the Taizoukai Mandala. The Kongoukai mandala represents the cosmic or transcendental Buddha (aka Dainichi Nyorai), while the Taizoukai mandala represents the world of physical phenomenon (see below for details).
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Kongoukai (Diamond World)
National Treasure
Heian Period, 9th C
Kyoogoku-ji (Toji) Temple
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Taizoukai (Womb World)
National Treasure
Heian Period, 9th C
Kyoogoku-ji (Toji) Temple
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Closeups of above Kongoukai Mandala
Image in center is Dainichi Nyorai
Photos courtesy of Kyoto National Museum
www.kyohaku.go.jp/tokuten/elegance/eleg2e.htm
Most temples of Esoteric Buddhism display a mandala depicting Dainichi Nyorai, the central Buddha of worship in the Shingon sect, surrounded by four other Buddhas. This grouping of five is known as the Godai Nyorai, and may be translated as "the Five Tathagata" or the "Five Buddha of Wisdom."
 | Godai Nyorai | Five Tathagata - Dainichi (center)
- Ashuku (east)
- Hosho (south)
- Amida (west)
- Fukujyoju (north)
Ashuku Nyorai (Aksobhya in Skt.) is one of the five deities found in the Kongoukai Mandala (Vajradhatu in Skt.). Ashuku guards the east corner to protect Dainichi Nyorai. Ashuku is enshrined at Kakuonji Temple in Kamakura. For more details on the five, please click here.
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Below text courtesy Kyoto National Museum
http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/mus_dict/hd17e.htm
Mandalas are a type of Buddhist painting especially common in the Esoteric sect of Japanese Buddhism, which has many secret, mystical rituals. According to the beliefs of this sect, truth can not be expressed through just words but requires illustrations such as paintings. One such type of painting is a mandala.
The word "mandala" originally came, not from Japan, but from India. When Buddhism was brought to China, Chinese characters were assigned to fit the sounds of this Sanskrit word, but these characters themselves have no relation to the meaning of the word.
What does mandala mean? Well, the word itself means "a hitch," or "connector," something that connects an ox to a cart. Over time, however, this gradually took on a religious meaning, and the word came to mean a chart of Buddhas and gods symbolizing the order of the universe.
There are many types of mandalas. The mandala with the most images is called the "Mandala of the Two Realms" (Ryoukai Mandala). It depicts all the gods and Buddhas in the Buddhist pantheon, and is considered the basic mandala form for Japanese Esoteric Buddhism. <end quote from Kyoto National Museum>
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Daniel J. Boorstin (see his book The Discovers)
The Buddhist inclination for multiplying images.
"Buddhist monasteries were especially active in experimenting with ways of multiplying images, for the very heart of Buddhism, as historian Thomas Francis Carter observes, was "the duplicating impulse." Just as the faithful themselves were to become replications of the Buddha, so too the devout Buddhist attained "merit" by multiplying images of Buddha and of the sacred texts. Buddhist monks carved images in stone and then took rubbings from them, they made seals, they tried stencils on paper, on silk, and on plastered walls. They made small wooden stamps with handles from which they made primitive woodcuts. In Japan commercial publishing grew out of temple publishing." <end quote from Daniel J. Boorstin>
 DAINICHI NYORAI
Cosmic Buddha and Mandalas
Below text courtesy:
www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/
ANCJAPAN/GALLERY.HTM
Esoteric Buddhism was founded on the principle that the two aspects of Buddha, both the unchanging cosmic principle and the active, physical manifestation of Buddha in the natural world, were one and the same. The truth of the cosmic order, which is contained in the relationships between the Cosmic Buddha and all his worldly manifestations, cannot be known verbally.
One method for understanding this truth was to comprehend it visually and symbolically; to this end, Japanese esoteric Buddhists imported the mandala (in Japanese, mandara), or circle, to express symbolically the order of the universe related to the cosmic Buddha. Since the Buddha occupied two separate realms, the mandala form that the esoteric priests imported was the Mandala of the Two Worlds, or Ryoukai Mandara (Ryo=two, kai=world, mandara=mandala). On the east side of the temple would be placed the Diamond World (Kongoukai in Japanese, Vajradhatu in Sanskrit), which represented the world of the transcendental Buddha. It was called the Diamond World because it embodied a static, crystal clear, and adamantine truth of the universe. In the Diamond World, the Cosmic Buddha (DAINICHI NYORAI in Japanese), sits in the center of assemblies of Buddhas arranged in a three by three square.
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Detail from Taizoukai (Womb World). The Ryoukai Mandara is the oldest color mandala still in existence in Japan. It is believed to have been a copy made in China and brought to Japan in 859 AD by the Tendai priest, Enchin. Photo courtesy of Washington State University.
Photo Courtesy of:
www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/
ANCJAPAN/GALLERY.HTM
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The other world, the Womb World (Taizoukai in Japanese, Garbhadhatu in Sanskrit), was the world of physical phenomenon. In this mandala, the Dainichi Nyorai sits in the middle in relationship to all his physical manifestations ranged in several courts radiating outward from him. In the detail here, we see nine physical manifestations from the Lotus Holder's Court (which sits on the right side of the Court of Eight Petals, which is the court of the Cosmic Buddha). The physical manifestations of the Lotus Holder's Court represent the purity of all things. In the picture, you can see Buddha in several different aspects. To the bottom right, he is a three-headed, angry creature that represents the Buddha's ability to overcome evil (the three heads symbolize vigilance over evil). Most of the Buddhas, however, represent compassion or mercy. Not only are all the Buddhas surrounded by unique symbols, each one has a unique pairing of hand gestures, called mudras. The mudras (hand gestures) are key in Buddhist practice; they recreate hand gestures from the life of Buddha. Not only did Buddha teach in words, he taught symbolically in hand gestures. Like all Buddhist art, a large part of the symbolic meaning is located in these hand gestures. For instance, the middle figure is making the semuiin gesture with his right hand (in Sanskrit, abhayamudra ). This means "fear not." Yes, an esoteric devotee could name each and every hand gesture in the picture you're looking at!
An esoteric devotee would be asked to starre and meditate on each of these Buddhas in turn. He would meditate on their symbolic meaning as it is represented visually and he would meditate on that deity's relationship to the other deities as those relationships are represented visually. When he's finished with the Taizoukai Mandara, he would move on to the Kongoukai Mandara. Once he's meditated and, through visual and symbolic understanding, come to comprehend all the Buddhas and their relationships across the two worlds, he will have unified himself with the Cosmic Buddha. Beginning priests would be asked to throw a blossom at each of the two mandalas; the deity that the blossom landed on would be adopted as that person's personal deity for the course of his study. <end text from Washington State Univ.>
MANDALA PROTECTORS
Han'nya Bosatsu (Sanskrit = Prajnaparamita Bodhisattva)
below courtesy of www.metmuseum.org/collections
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Japanese Mandala of Hannya Bosatsu
16th century; Muromachi period (1392 - 1573)
Hanging scroll; ink, color, and gold on silk
Image 64 1/2 x 48 5/8 in. (163.9 x 123.5 cm)
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This scroll depicts Han'nya Bosatsu, the embodiment of transcendental knowledge and perfect wisdom. Han'nya Bosatsu is rarely represented at the center of a mandala. The triad of the bosatsu, seated on a lotus pedestal on the back of a lion (shishi), flanked by two standing figures, Bonten (Brahma) and Taishakuten (Indra) -- originally Hindu gods -- inhabits the innermost precinct.
Hannya's 16 Protectors (Juroku zenshin) are loosely distributed within the surrounding register. Far from the center of divinity in the outer register, carefree demonic guardians (kijin) guard each of the sixteen protectors. Directional gates at the centers of the sides provide entry from the secular to the sacred. Heavenly music-making beings (hiten) around the canopy celebrate Han'nya Bosatsu. At the bottom, in the center of the outermost register, is the figure of a monk at worship, evoking the physical world of time and space. Dragons and a Phoenix along the outermost borders serve to protect the entire abstract realm. Mandalas like this one were necessary accoutrements for rituals dedicated to the attainment of greater wisdom.
Above Courtesy:
www.metmuseum.org/collections/co_rec_acq
The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
Mandala of Han'nya Bosatsu, 16th century
Muromachi period (1392 - 1573)
Japanese Hanging scroll; ink, color, and gold on silk
Image 64 1/2 x 48 5/8 in. (163.9 x 123.5 cm)
Gift of Mary and Jackson Burke Foundation, 2000 (2000.289)
Below Text Courtesy of Miho Museum (Japan)
http://www.miho.or.jp/booth/html/doccon/00000619e.htm
The pair of mandalas known as the Ryoukai Mandalas are the central devotional images of the Esoteric sects of Buddhism -- namely the Taizoukai, or Womb World Mandala (Garbhadhatu Mandala) based on the Dainichikyo sutra, and the Kongoukai, or Diamond World Mandala (Vajradhatu Mandala), based on the Kongochokyo sutra. These two sutra texts emerged at different stages in the development of Esoteric Buddhism in India. It was Hui-kuo (746-805), the teacher of Japanese Priest Kuukai (774 - 835 AD; also called Kobo Daishi, the founder of Japan's Shingon Sect of Esoteric Buddhism), who combined this pair of mandala images based on these two sutras. Strictly speaking, the formal name of the Taizoukai mandala in Japanese is "Daihitaizo Sho Mandara," omitting the character "kai" for world, but starting around the 9th century, during the lifetime of the major Tendai sect master, An'nen, the "kai" character was added to match the "kai" found in the name of the Kongoukai mandala.
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Ryoukai Mandalas
Kongoukai - Diamond Mandala
Muromachi Era, 14th & 15th C.
Hanging scroll, color on silk
Dimension H-138.5 W-122.2
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Ryoukai Mandalas
Taizoka - Womb World Mandala
Muromachi Era, 14th & 15th C.
Hanging scroll, color on silk
Dimension H-138.5 W-122.2
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Photos courtesy of Miho Musuem
www.miho.or.jp/booth/html/doccon/00000619e.htm
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Kuukai brought back Japan's first images of these two mandalas from China, and these two mandalas are called the Konpon Mandalas, or root mandalas. The lineage of mandalas based on these Konpon Mandalas are known as "Genzu," or "original image," mandalas. The Takao Mandalas and the Konpon Mandalas at Toji Temple are considered the representative examples of these Genzu mandalas. Since Kuukai, however, mandala images from other lineages have been brought back to Japan from China. The Sai-in Mandalas of Toji Temple are based on the mandala iconography brought back by Enchin, and they differ slightly from the Genzu iconography. Mandalas considered to be from the Tendai lineage, such as the Shiten'noji Mandala and the Taisanji Mandala, are clearly from a non-Genzu lineage.
In the present work, memorial altars have been placed in front of the Thousand-Armed Kannon (Avalokitesavara-sahasrabhuja-locana) and Kongo-zoo Bosatsu (Daimond Bosatsu, Stottarasata-bhuja-vajra-dhara) on either side of the Kokuzoin section (lower section of the composition), and this is characteristic of a Tendai lineage mandala pair, as opposed to the Genzu lineage. The Tendai lineage iconography, however, frequently exchanges the positions of the eastern directional Buddha and the northern directional Buddha in the Chudai-hachiyo-in (central eight-petal court or center of the composition), and in the present work the deities are placed in their Genzu image positions. While the Kongoukai normally consists of ku-e, or 9 precincts, the spikes of the vajra staffs which are supposed to be painted behind the various deities in the Misai-e (the lower right as the viewer faces the mandala) are not visible here, and this may represent an abbreviation of the original iconography over time.
In any event, this pair is unquestionably a Ryoukai Mandala pair that differs from the Genzu lineage. In terms of period of production, the rough weave of the ground silk and the relatively rough and formalized depiction of the various deities suggest a date in the first half of the Muromachi period for the pair. <End quote from Miho Museum in Japan>
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BELOW
More Mandala Photos
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Kongoukai - Diamond Mandala
Jizo-in Temple
Source and date unknown
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CLOSEUP of Kongoukai Mandala
Jizo-in Temple
Source and date unknown
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Taizoukai - Womb World
Jizo-in Temple
Source and date unknown
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CLOSEUP of Taizoukai Mandala
Jizo-in Temple
Source and date unknown
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Above four photos
Source and Date Unknown
Photos found on web, but no longer able to access site
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Taizoukai Mandala (Sanskrit Garbhadhatu)
Original painting, Japan, Kamakura Era, 13th - 14th century
47.6 x 24.5 inches / 119 x 98,7 cm
Photo courtesy of:
www.bremen.de/info/nepal/Gallery-3/Cosmos/9-6/garbhadatu-1.htm
Vajrasattva (Common Mandala Deities)
Four Diamond Bodhisattavs Jap.: "kongo-bosatsu"
Istavajra Jap. Yokukongo, "Desire Diamond"
Kelikilavajra Jap. Sokukongo, "Contact Diamond"
Ragavajra Jap. Aikongo, "Love Diamond"
Manavajra Jap. Makongo, "Pride Diamond"
Consorts Four diamond Apsaras, Jap. shi-kongo-nyo
Istavajrini Jap. Yokukongonyo, "Disire Diamond Apsara" Southeast
Kelikilavajrini Jap. Sokukongonyo, "Contact Diamond Apsara" Southwest
Ragavajrini Jap. Aikongonyo, "Love Diamond Apsara" Northwest
Manavajrini Jap. Mankongonyo, "Pride Diamond Apsara" Northeast
The consorts symbolize the four Paramitas
and carry the attributes of the four outer Offering Bodhisattvas
Source for Above Names:
www.bremen.de/info/nepal/Gallery-3/Cosmos/9-6/garbhadatu-1.htm
Arhats (of Theravada Buddhism)
Unidentified (most likely not Japanese mandara)
For hundreds of Arhat mandalas, please visit:
www.tibetart.org/search/set.cfm?setid=108&page=1
Tibetan Mandala (51.5 x 44.6 cm)
Nairatma Mandala - Hevajra Mandala
Central Tibet, 16th century (second half)
Photo courtesy of
www.asianart.com/mandalas/mandimge.html
LEARN MORE
- Mandala Explorer (Japanese Language)
Explores various images of Womb World & Daimond World mandalas
- MANDALA GALLERY (Japan and Tibet)
www.jinjapan.org/museum/sitem.html
www.jinjapan.org/museum/butsu/butsu01/butsu01.html
www.asianart.com/mandalas/mandimge.html (Rossi & Rossi; Tibet)
www.tibetart.com/search/set.cfm?setID=29 (Arhat, Tibet)
- KYOTO NATIONAL MUSEUM GALLERY
www.kyohaku.go.jp/tokuten/elegance/eleg2e.htm
www.kyohaku.go.jp/tokuten/elegance/eleg5e.htm
www.kyohaku.go.jp/mus_dict/hd17e.htm (Star Mandala)
- MANDALA and SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE
http://campross.crosswinds.net/ShuteiMandala/
http://campross.crosswinds.net/ShuteiMandala/vedic.html
- MANDALA (Vedic, Gohonzon, Ryoukai, Taizoukai)
www.asianart.com/index.html
www.asianart.com/exhibitions/svision/
www.asianart.com/exhibitions/svision/index.html#Row9
www.asianart.com/exhibitions/svision/i45.html
www.aasianst.org/EAA/sjoquist.htm
www.mandala.co.jp/museum/
www.bremen.de/info/nepal/Gallery-3/Cosmos/9-6/garbhadatu-1.htm
- DAINICHI NYORAI and BIRUSHANA NYORAI
www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCJAPAN/GALLERY.HTM
Ryoukai Mandara (detail from the Taizoukai Mandara)
- MANDALA JIGSAW PUZZLES
http://imaginatorium.org/shop/mandala.htm
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