Builder Design Pattern

Last Updated : 07 Apr, 2025

The Builder Design Pattern is a creational pattern used in software design to construct a complex object step by step. It allows the construction of a product in a step-by-step manner, where the construction process can change based on the type of product being built. This pattern separates the construction of a complex object from its representation, allowing the same construction process to create different representations.

builder-Design-pattern

Table of Content

Components of the Builder Design Pattern

1. Product

The Product is the complex object that the Builder pattern is responsible for constructing.

It may consist of multiple components or parts, and its structure can vary based on the implementation.
The Product is typically a class with attributes representing the different parts that the Builder constructs.

2. Builder

The Builder is an interface or an abstract class that declares the construction steps for building a complex object.

It typically includes methods for constructing individual parts of the product.
By defining an interface, the Builder allows for the creation of different concrete builders that can produce variations of the product.

3. ConcreteBuilder

ConcreteBuilder classes implement the Builder interface, providing specific implementations for building each part of the product.

Each ConcreteBuilder is custmized to create a specific variation of the product.
It keeps track of the product being constructed and provides methods for setting or constructing each part.

4. Director

The Director is responsible for managing the construction process of the complex object.

It collaborates with a Builder, but it doesn't know the specific details about how each part of the object is constructed.
It provides a high-level interface for constructing the product and managing the steps needed to create the complex object.

5. Client

The Client is the code that initiates the construction of the complex object.

It creates a Builder object and passes it to the Director to initiate the construction process.
The Client may retrieve the final product from the Builder after construction is complete.

Steps to implement Builder Design Pattern

Below are the steps to implement Builder Design Pattern:

Create the Product Class: Define the object (product) that will be built. This class contains all the fields that make up the object.
Create the Builder Class: This class will have methods to set the different parts of the product. Each method returns the builder itself to allow method chaining.
Add a Build Method: In the builder class, add a method called build() (or similar) that assembles the product and returns the final object.
Use the Director (Optional): If needed, you can create a director class to control the building process and decide the order in which parts are constructed.
Client Uses the Builder: The client will use the builder to set the desired parts step by step and call the build() method to get the final product.

Builder Design Pattern Example

Problem Statement:

You are tasked with implementing a system for building custom computers. Each computer can have different configurations based on user preferences. The goal is to provide flexibility in creating computers with varying CPUs, RAM, and storage options.

Implement the Builder design pattern to achieve this, allowing the construction of computers through a step-by-step process. Use the provided components - Product (Computer), Builder interface, ConcreteBuilder (GamingComputerBuilder), Director, and Client

UML-Class-Diagram-for-Builder-Design-Pattern

1. `Product` (Computer)

C++

// Product
class Computer {
 
private:
    string cpu_;
    string ram_;
    string storage_;
  
  
public:
    void setCPU(const std::string& cpu) {
        cpu_ = cpu;
    }

    void setRAM(const std::string& ram) {
        ram_ = ram;
    }

    void setStorage(const std::string& storage) {
        storage_ = storage;
    }

    void displayInfo() const {
        std::cout << "Computer Configuration:"
                  << "\nCPU: " << cpu_
                  << "\nRAM: " << ram_
                  << "\nStorage: " << storage_ << "\n\n";
    }
};

Java

class Computer {
    private String cpu;
    private String ram;
    private String storage;

    public void setCPU(String cpu) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
    }

    public void setRAM(String ram) {
        this.ram = ram;
    }

    public void setStorage(String storage) {
        this.storage = storage;
    }

    public void displayInfo() {
        System.out.println("Computer Configuration:");
        System.out.println("CPU: " + cpu);
        System.out.println("RAM: " + ram);
        System.out.println("Storage: " + storage);
    }
}

2. `Builder`

C++

// Builder interface
class Builder {
public:
    virtual void buildCPU() = 0;
    virtual void buildRAM() = 0;
    virtual void buildStorage() = 0;
    virtual Computer getResult() = 0;
};

Java

interface Builder {
    void buildCPU();
    void buildRAM();
    void buildStorage();
    Computer getResult();
}

3. ConcreteBuilder (GamingComputerBuilder)

C++

// ConcreteBuilder
class GamingComputerBuilder : public Builder {
private:
    Computer computer_;

public:
    void buildCPU() override {
        computer_.setCPU("Gaming CPU");
    }

    void buildRAM() override {
        computer_.setRAM("16GB DDR4");
    }

    void buildStorage() override {
        computer_.setStorage("1TB SSD");
    }

    Computer getResult() override {
        return computer_;
    }
};

Java

class GamingComputerBuilder implements Builder {
    private Computer computer;

    public GamingComputerBuilder() {
        this.computer = new Computer();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildCPU() {
        computer.setCPU("Gaming CPU");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildRAM() {
        computer.setRAM("16GB DDR4");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildStorage() {
        computer.setStorage("1TB SSD");
    }

    @Override
    public Computer getResult() {
        return computer;
    }
}

4. Director

C++

// Director
class ComputerDirector {
public:
    void construct(Builder& builder) {
        builder.buildCPU();
        builder.buildRAM();
        builder.buildStorage();
    }
};

Java

class ComputerDirector {
    public void construct(Builder builder) {
        builder.buildCPU();
        builder.buildRAM();
        builder.buildStorage();
    }
}

5. Client

C++

// Client
int main() {
    GamingComputerBuilder gamingBuilder;
    ComputerDirector director;

    director.construct(gamingBuilder);
    Computer gamingComputer = gamingBuilder.getResult();

    gamingComputer.displayInfo();

    return 0;
}

Java

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GamingComputerBuilder gamingBuilder = new GamingComputerBuilder();
        ComputerDirector director = new ComputerDirector();

        director.construct(gamingBuilder);
        Computer gamingComputer = gamingBuilder.getResult();

        gamingComputer.displayInfo();
    }
}

Complete Combined code for the above example

Below is the full combined code for the above example:

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

// Product
class Computer {
public:
    void setCPU(const std::string& cpu) {
        cpu_ = cpu;
    }

    void setRAM(const std::string& ram) {
        ram_ = ram;
    }

    void setStorage(const std::string& storage) {
        storage_ = storage;
    }

    void displayInfo() const {
        std::cout << "Computer Configuration:"
                  << "\nCPU: " << cpu_
                  << "\nRAM: " << ram_
                  << "\nStorage: " << storage_ << "\n\n";
    }

private:
    string cpu_;
    string ram_;
    string storage_;
};

// Builder interface
class Builder {
public:
    virtual void buildCPU() = 0;
    virtual void buildRAM() = 0;
    virtual void buildStorage() = 0;
    virtual Computer getResult() = 0;
};

// ConcreteBuilder
class GamingComputerBuilder : public Builder {
private:
    Computer computer_;

public:
    void buildCPU() override {
        computer_.setCPU("Gaming CPU");
    }

    void buildRAM() override {
        computer_.setRAM("16GB DDR4");
    }

    void buildStorage() override {
        computer_.setStorage("1TB SSD");
    }

    Computer getResult() override {
        return computer_;
    }
};

// Director
class ComputerDirector {
public:
    void construct(Builder& builder) {
        builder.buildCPU();
        builder.buildRAM();
        builder.buildStorage();
    }
};

// Client
int main() {
    GamingComputerBuilder gamingBuilder;
    ComputerDirector director;

    director.construct(gamingBuilder);
    Computer gamingComputer = gamingBuilder.getResult();

    gamingComputer.displayInfo();

    return 0;
}

Java

// Product Class
class Computer {
    private String cpu;
    private String ram;
    private String storage;

    public void setCPU(String cpu) {
        this.cpu = cpu;
    }

    public void setRAM(String ram) {
        this.ram = ram;
    }

    public void setStorage(String storage) {
        this.storage = storage;
    }

    public void displayInfo() {
        System.out.println("Computer Configuration:");
        System.out.println("CPU: " + cpu);
        System.out.println("RAM: " + ram);
        System.out.println("Storage: " + storage);
    }
}

// Builder Interface
interface Builder {
    void buildCPU();
    void buildRAM();
    void buildStorage();
    Computer getResult();
}

// Concrete Builder Class
class GamingComputerBuilder implements Builder {
    private Computer computer;

    public GamingComputerBuilder() {
        this.computer = new Computer();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildCPU() {
        computer.setCPU("Gaming CPU");
    }

    @Override

Output

Computer Configuration:
CPU: Gaming CPU
RAM: 16GB DDR4
Storage: 1TB SSD

This code demonstrates the Builder design pattern where the Computer class is the product, Builder is the interface, GamingComputerBuilder is the concrete builder, ComputerDirector is the director, and the Client assembles the product using the builder and director.

When to use Builder Design Pattern?

The Builder design pattern is used when you need to create complex objects with a large number of optional components or configuration parameters. This pattern is particularly useful when an object needs to be constructed step by step, some of the scenarios where the Builder design pattern is beneficial are:

Complex Object Construction: When you have an object with many optional components or configurations and you want to provide a clear separation between the construction process and the actual representation of the object.
Step-by-Step Construction: When the construction of an object involves a step-by-step process where different configurations or options need to be set at different stages.
Avoiding constructors with multiple parameters: When the number of parameters in a constructor becomes too large, and using telescoping constructors (constructors with multiple parameters) becomes unwieldy and error-prone.
Configurable Object Creation: When you need to create objects with different configurations or variations, and you want a more flexible and readable way to specify these configurations.
Common Interface for Multiple Representations: When you want to provide a common interface for constructing different representations of an object.

When not to use Builder Design Pattern?

While the Builder design pattern is beneficial in many scenarios, there are situations where it might be unnecessary. Here are some cases when you should avoid the Builder pattern:

Simple Object Construction:
- If the object you are constructing has only a few simple parameters or configurations, and the construction process is straightforward, using a builder might be unnecessary.
Performance Concerns:
- In performance-critical applications, the additional overhead introduced by the Builder pattern might be a concern. The extra method calls and object creations involved in the builder process could impact performance, especially if the object construction is frequent.
Immutable Objects with Final Fields:
- While working with a language that supports immutable objects with final fields (e.g., Java's final keyword), and the object's structure is relatively simple, you might prefer using constructors with parameters or static factory methods.
Increased Code Complexity:
- Introducing a builder class for every complex object can lead to an increase in code complexity.
- If the object being constructed is simple and doesn't benefit significantly from a step-by-step construction process, using a builder might add unnecessary complexity to the codebase.
Tight Coupling with Product:
- If the builder is tightly coupled with the product it constructs, and changes to the product require corresponding modifications to the builder, it might reduce the flexibility and maintainability of the code.

Structural Design Patterns

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Misc

Builder Design Pattern

Components of the Builder Design Pattern

1. Product

2. Builder

3. ConcreteBuilder

4. Director

5. Client

Steps to implement Builder Design Pattern

Builder Design Pattern Example

Problem Statement:

1. Product (Computer)

2. Builder

3. ConcreteBuilder (GamingComputerBuilder)

4. Director

5. Client

Complete Combined code for the above example

When to use Builder Design Pattern?

When not to use Builder Design Pattern?

Similar Reads

1. Creational Design Patterns

Types of Creational Patterns

2. Structural Design Patterns

Types of Structural Patterns

3. Behvioural Design Patterns

1. `Product` (Computer)

2. `Builder`