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2025 Pahalgam attack

Coordinates: 34°00′13″N 75°20′01″E / 34.00361°N 75.33361°E / 34.00361; 75.33361
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2025 Pahalgam attack
Part of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
View of the valley where the attack occurred
Pahalgam is located in Jammu and Kashmir
Pahalgam
Pahalgam
Pahalgam (Jammu and Kashmir)
Location of the attack in Jammu and Kashmir
LocationBaisaran Valley, Pahalgam, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir
Coordinates34°00′13″N 75°20′01″E / 34.00361°N 75.33361°E / 34.00361; 75.33361
Date22 April 2025
TargetTourists[1]
Attack type
Mass shooting
Mass murder
Islamist terrorism
WeaponsAK-47s, M4 carbines
Deaths26
Injured20
VictimsSee casualties
Perpetrators The Resistance Front (claimed, later retracted)
No. of participants
5
Motive
  • Opposition to Indian government residency permits in Kashmir
  • Opposition to non‑local settlement in Kashmir and alleged demographic change
  • Anti-Hindu sentiment

The 2025 Pahalgam attack was an attack on tourists by five armed militants near Pahalgam in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, killing 26 civilians, mostly Hindu males, on 22 April 2025.[2][3] The incident took place at the tourist spot in Baisaran Valley and is considered as the deadliest event of its kind in India since the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[4] This militant attack on civilians further intensified tensions between India and Pakistan.[5]

The Resistance Front (TRF), which is believed to be an offshoot of the Pakistan-based UN-designated terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[6][7][3] initially claimed responsibility, stating that the attack was in opposition to Indian government policy allowing Indian citizens to live and work in Kashmir, that resulted in non-local settlement in the region.[8][7] Four days later, they retracted their claim.[9]

The attackers, armed with M4 carbines and AK-47s, entered the tourist spot, which is surrounded by dense pine forests.[10] According to survivors, the attackers singled out the men, and asked their religion before shooting them.[11][12] Some tourists said that they were asked to recite the Islamic verse of kalima.[12] Of the 26 people killed, 25 were tourists, while one was a local Muslim pony operator who tried to wrestle a gun from the attackers.[13][14] All tourists killed were Hindus[2], except for one identified as a Christian.[15][16]

India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism and suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, expelled Pakistani diplomats, and closed borders, as part growing a diplomatic crisis.[17] Pakistan denied India's accusations and retaliated by suspending the Simla Agreement, restricting trade, and closing airspace.[5][18] Border skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani forces began along the Line of Control on 24 April.

Background

Further information: Kashmir conflict; Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir; and Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

The Jammu and Kashmir insurgency began in the late 1980s, as part of the wider Kashmir conflict. Waged by Islamist militant outfits against the Indian government in Jammu and Kashmir and at times involving attacks against Kashmiri Hindus, it has resulted in the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the region.[19] The 2019 abrogation of the state's special status empowered local authorities to issue domicile status to non-Kashmiris, allowing them to buy land and obtain jobs in the territory.[20]

The Resistance Front (TRF) is a militant group operating in Jammu and Kashmir, and is a designated terrorist organisation in India.[21] According to the Indian government and other security experts,[22] the organisation was founded by Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a UN designated terrorist group, as an offshoot in Jammu and Kashmir.[23][24] Formed from cadres of LeT and Hizbul Mujahideen[25][26] in the aftermath of the 2019 revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, TRF has carried out attacks on Hindu minority communities.[25][27]

The Indian government and media have long alleged that Pakistan supports insurgent groups such as TRF. Pakistan denies any support for militants including those involved in Jammu and Kashmir, officially maintaining only "diplomatic and moral support" for the Kashmiri people.[28][29][8]

Attack

On 22 April 2025, five militants entered the Baisaran Valley meadow, which is located about 7 km (4.3 mi) from the Pahalgam town in Anantnag district.[30] The area is surrounded by dense pine forests on all sides, and is a popular spot for tourists;[31] it is only accessible by foot or horseback.[1] The region was not heavily protected.[32] The attackers carried M4 carbines and AK-47s and wore military-style uniforms.[10][33] The attack was inadvertently filmed by a tourist from Ahmedabad, who was filming himself ziplining during the attack.[34] The zipline operator chanted "Allahu Akbar" before pushing the tourist down the zipline, the zipline operator's brother claims he no prior knowledge of the impending attack.[35]

Baisaran Valley, where the attack took place

Most victims of the attack were Hindus.[4] Reports indicated that the attackers asked for names and religions of the victims before shooting them.[11] Some of the tourists said that they were asked to recite the Islamic verse of kalima, so that the militants could segregate them by religion.[12][36] Men were forced to remove their trousers to check for a lack of circumcision before being shot at close range, and video footage from the scene showed scenes of panic with injured victims pleading for help and bodies strewn across the ground.[37][38]

Syed Adil Hussain Shah, a local pony operator reportedly tried to protect the tourists and wrestle the gun from one of the attackers before being shot and killed.[39][14][40] Accounts from survivors indicated that an attacker spared a woman telling that she was being spared so she could "narrate the horrors" to the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi.[41][42]

A Hindu who recited the Kalma was spared,[43] while another victim, a Christian from Madhya Pradesh, was shot and killed after being unable to recite the Kalma.[44] During a press briefing, the man's wife said the attackers had asked about Palestine upon learning that he was Christian. Afterward, they shot him and took selfies with the dead bodies.[45] The wife of another victim from Andhra Pradesh told the state's deputy chief minister Pawan Kalyan that she and her husband lay on the ground, and the terrorists asked twice, "Hindu hai, muslim hai?" [sic] (lit. 'are (you) Hindu? are (you) Muslim?'). When they did not respond, her husband was shot dead.[46]

Casualties

Number of Casualties and Injured by state
State Deaths Injured
Maharashtra 6 5
Gujarat 3 2
Karnataka 3 2
West Bengal 2 1
Madhya Pradesh 2 2
   Nepal 1 1
Andhra Pradesh 1 1
Chhatisgarh 1 1
Arunachal Pradesh 1 -
Bihar 1 -
Haryana 1 -
Jammu and Kashmir 1 -
Kerala 1 -
Odisha 1 -
Uttar Pradesh 1 -
Tamil Nadu - 2
Total 26 17

At least 26 people were killed in the attack, including 25 tourists and one local person, while 20 others were injured.[13] Initially a list of the victims, which was verified by local officials in Kashmir, showed that 25 of the 26 killed were Hindus,[2] while one was a local Muslim pony operator.[14] Subsequently, one of the killed tourists was identified as a Christian.[15] The full list of 26 victims with their names and state of residence was published by Indian newspapers [16].

The victims included 24 tourists from several Indian states and one foreign tourist from Nepal, while the one local killed was from Jammu and Kashmir.[13][47] Witnesses stated that most of the victims were male, and the dead and injured included those from the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.[16] The dead include three Indian Government officials: recently married officers from the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy, and an official from the Intelligence Bureau.[48]

One of the victims was an Indian Navy lieutenant from Haryana, who went to Pahalgam six days after his wedding with his wife, and the couple was having snacks when the militants shot him dead. with his wife saying that he was shot after telling a gunman that he was not a Muslim.[49] Another victim, a Christian resident of Madhya Pradesh, was asked to recite Islamic Kalima by the militants, upon which he told them that he was Christian, and was subsequently he was shot dead, while his daughter also sustained bullet injuries in her leg.[15]

Aftermath

In the aftermath, locals assisted in the rescue effort and offered shelter to victims.[50][51] Members of the local pony-handlers association rescued 11 injured tourists on ponies and improvised stretchers.[52] Gurudwaras in Kashmir opened their doors to shelter tourists fleeing the valley in fear, as many sought safety closer to cities and airports to return to their home states.[53][54] Emergency services arrived at the scene after news of the attack reached district headquarters. Two critically injured victims were taken to the district hospital at Anantnag at around 16:30, while others were transported to nearby medical centres. The critically injured were airlifted to a military hospital in Srinagar by helicopter for further treatment.[55] A helpline was established to assist affected tourists.[56]

A joint cordon and search operation was launched by the Indian Army, paramilitary forces, and Jammu and Kashmir Police. A temporary lockdown was imposed in Pahalgam, and Indian Army helicopters were deployed to track down the militants, who reportedly fled to the upper reaches of the Pir Panjal range.[57][58]

On 24 April, an Indian soldier was killed and two other soldiers wounded during a gunfight with insurgents in the Basantgarh area of Udhampur.[59]

Responsibility

The Resistance Front (TRF), an offshoot of the Islamist terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[6][7][3] initially claimed responsibility for the attack, linking it to Indian government policy that allows non-Kashmiris to live and work, resulting in non-local settlement in Kashmir.[8][60][61] In a statement on Telegram, TRF opposed the granting of residency permits to "outsiders", and voiced discontent at resulting alleged demographic changes in the region. TRF stated that "violence will be directed toward those attempting to settle in Jammu and Kashmir illegally."[8][29]

On 26 April, the TRF retracted responsibility for the attack, claiming that a communications breach led to their initial claim of responsibility. The TRF accused Indian intelligence operatives of having a part in the attack, and stated that they were conducting their own investigation into the perpetrators.[9]

Response

Main articles: 2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis and 2025 India–Pakistan border skirmishes

Modi cut his visit to Saudi Arabia short and returned to India to chair a meeting with the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on the issue.[62] After this meeting, the Indian foreign secretary, Vikram Misri, briefed senior diplomats around the world regarding five major decisions made by the Indian government.[63] He announced India would immediately suspend the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan until Pakistan ceases its support for cross-border terrorism.[64] He further announced the closure of the main border crossing between the two countries, a travel ban of all Pakistani nationals to India under the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme, and a cancellation of all previously issued visas.[65] Pakistani military advisers at the High Commission of Pakistan in New Delhi were expelled, and their Indian counterparts in Islamabad were withdrawn.[66][67]

Union home minister Amit Shah travelled to Srinagar to assess the situation and coordinate the security response, and later travelled to the site of the attack.[68] On 23 April, the Indian Army gave limited clearance for the operation of its grounded HAL Dhruv fleet for counterterrorism operations.[69]

The government later admitted a security lapse revealing that Baisaran Valley had been opened to tourists two months ahead of schedule without notifying security forces, a factor which facilitated the attack. On 24 April, the central government convened an all-party meeting to brief opposition parties in the wake of the attack. Opposition leaders criticised the oversight and Modi’s absence from the briefing.[70][71]

Investigations

The National Investigation Agency initiated an investigation into the attack after visiting the site on 23 April.[72][73] Based on eyewitness testimonies, the Jammu and Kashmir Police released sketches of three of the militants believed to have been involved in the attack.[74][75] The police stated that all of them were linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and at least two are foreigners.[76] Police confirmed that all of them have been linked to previous militancy-related incidents in the Poonch region. Following the attack, hundreds of former overground workers and ex-militants were interrogated in Kashmir.[77]

Indian authorities have linked the Pahalgam attack to Pakistan, with digital traces leading to safe houses in Muzaffarabad and Karachi. They concluded that forensic evidence and intelligence intercepts suggest potential support from operatives based in Pakistan.[78][79]

A new First Information Report (FIR) was registered by the Central anti-terrorism agency, following an order from the Counter Terrorism and Counter Radicalisation (CTCR) division of the Ministry of Home Affairs.[80]

The investigation team has determined that Hashim Musa, one of the two Pakistani militants identified in connection with the Pahalgam terror attack, previously served in the Pakistan Army's Para Commandos and joined the banned militant organization Lashkar-e-Taiba after being dismissed from military service.[81][82]

Bounty

On 24 April the Jammu and Kashmir Police announced a total bounty of Rs 60 lakh for information leading to the identification, arrest, or elimination of the individuals responsible for the Pahalgam attack. The bounty is divided into Rs 20 lakh for each of the three suspected terrorists, identified as Adil Hussain Thoker, a resident of Anantnag, and two Pakistani nationals, Ali Bhai (also known as Talha Bhai) and Hashim Musa (also known as Suleiman). According to the police, all three individuals are confirmed to be members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba militant group.[83][84]

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2025 Pahalgam attack

Domestic

Following the attack, an increase in the number of visitors leaving Jammu and Kashmir was recorded, prompting Air India to operate additional flights to the region.[85]

Kashmir

Following the attack, protests were held across Muslim-majority regions of Kashmir, including Srinagar, Pulwama, Shopian, Pahalgam, Anantnag, Baramulla, and other towns. Demonstrators expressed grief and anger, calling the attack a blow to Kashmiriyat and condemning the violence. Shops and businesses shut down in solidarity.[86] On 25 April, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, in his Friday sermon at Srinagar’s Jamia Masjid, said that Kashmiris "stand shoulder to shoulder with the victims." A minute of silence was observed before prayers in memory of those killed.[87]

Rest of India

Protests were held in many parts of India condemning the attack.[88] The attack also prompted a surge in Islamophobic and anti-Kashmiri sentiments across the country. The Association for Protection of Civil Rights, a civil rights advocacy group, has recorded multiple incidents of Islamophobic hate speech, intimidation, and violence, since the attack.[89] Particularly, Kashmiri women and students have faced incidents of threats, harassment, heckling, and assaults from far-right Hindutva groups. In states such as Uttarakhand, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh, Kashmiri tenants faced eviction from their rented accommodations, and shopkeepers refused to trade with them. Several Kashmiri students were forced to seek refuge in airports while attempting to return home.[90][91] In Dehradun, the leader of the Hindu Raksha Dal, a far-right Hindutva organisation, issued a threat, warning that Kashmiri Muslims must leave or face unspecified consequences. He also announced plans to mobilise workers to act against them.[92][93] The state government of Haryana, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), issued directives to ensure the safety of Kashmiri students.[94] However, several BJP members and leaders have also been linked to the rise in hate speech and violence following the attack, including public calls for economic boycotts, inflammatory mosque protests, and assaults on Muslim vendors. Affiliates like the Bajrang Dal and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) have also staged protests featuring similar rhetoric.[89]

Political leaders

"Militancy and terrorism will end when people will support us. This is the beginning of that... We should not say or show anything which harms this movement that has arisen... We can control militancy using guns, it will end only when people support us. And now it seems people are reaching that point."[95]

— Omar Abdullah, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (in the Special session of J&K Assembly convened shortly after Pahalgam attack)

The attack drew immediate widespread condemnation from political leaders. Indian president Droupadi Murmu called it a "dastardly and inhuman act."[96] Vice president Jagdeep Dhankhar called the act "reprehensible" and condemned it.[96] Modi termed the attack as "shocking and painful" and said that those responsible would be brought to justice.[97]

Chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah described the incident as "much larger than anything we've seen directed at civilians in recent years."[98] Defence minister Rajnath Singh labeled it an "act of cowardice."[96] The leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha, Rahul Gandhi, criticised the Indian government's policy on Kashmir in light of the attack but also extended support to the government to deal with the threat.[99][8] Asaduddin Owaisi, the AIMIM chief and a popular politician, criticised Pakistan for its involvement in the terror attack at Pahalgam, accusing the country of being the successor of ISIS.[100]

International

See also: 2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis

The attack drew condemnations and statements of condolences from several other countries including Iran, Israel, Italy, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, and India's neighbours including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[101][102] The United Nations and the European Union also issued similar statements.[103][104]

Pakistani defence minister Khawaja Asif dismissed the allegations of his country's involvement in the attack, stating, "This is all home-grown, there are revolutions in different so-called states against India, not one, not two, but dozens, from Nagaland to Kashmir, in the south, in Chattisgarh, in Manipur. In all these places, there are revolutions against the Indian government."[105][106] Asif did not rule out the possibility that the attacks were orchestrated by India or were a false flag operation, claiming that The Resistance Front could not be considered as perpetrators because they would allegedly no longer exist. In an interview with Sky News, he acknowledged that the Pakistani state has a history of funding, training, and supporting terrorist organizations, noting that Pakistan has "done the dirty work for the United States for about three decades. And West, including Britain."[107]

Pakistan also warned India of a comprehensive retaliation in response to the actions announced by the Indian government in the aftermath of the incident.[108] On 24 April, Pakistan suspended visas issued to Indian nationals and closed its airspace to Indian aircraft.[109] On the night between 24 and 25 April, Pakistani and Indian troops skirmished and exchanged small arms fire at multiple positions along the line of control.[110][111]

See also

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