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Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)

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For other uses, see Battle of Dogger Bank (disambiguation).

Battle of Dogger Bank
Part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

The Battle of Dogger Bank, Thomas Luny
Date5 August 1781 (1781-08-05)
Location
Dogger Bank, North Sea
54°43′26″N 2°46′08″E / 54.724°N 2.769°E / 54.724; 2.769
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
 Great Britain  Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
Hyde Parker Johan Zoutman
Strength
7 ships of the line
5 frigates
1 cutter
3,500 men[1]
442 guns[1]		 7 ships of the line
6 frigates
2,600 men[1]
408 guns[1]
Casualties and losses
104 killed
339 wounded[2]		 142 killed
403 wounded
1 ship of the line sunk[2][note 1]

The Battle of Dogger Bank was a naval battle that took place on 5 August 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, contemporaneously related to the American Revolutionary War, in the North Sea. It was a bloody encounter between a British squadron under Vice Admiral Sir Hyde Parker and a Dutch squadron under Vice Admiral Johan Zoutman, both of which were escorting convoys.

Background

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Further information: Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

In December 1780, Great Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic, drawing it militarily into the American War of Independence.[3] The Dutch had for several years been supplying the Americans and shipping French supplies to the Americans in support of the American war effort, the reason behind the British declaration of war.[4] The opening of hostilities with the Dutch meant that Britain's trade with countries on the Baltic Sea—where key supplies of lumber for naval construction were purchased—was potentially at risk, and that the British had to increase protection of their shipping in the North Sea. In order to accomplish this, the British began blockading the Dutch coast to monitor and intercept any significant attempts to send shipping into or out of Dutch ports, and began to protect merchant shipping convoys with armed vessels.

Admiral Sir Hyde Parker by George Romney. Bottom right shows the sunken 'Holland', 64 guns, with HMS 'Latona', '38 guns, standing by the wreck

The Dutch were politically in turmoil, and were consequently unable to mount any sort of effective actions against the British.[5] The result of this inaction was the collapse of their economically important trade.[6] It was finally decided that a merchant fleet had to be launched. On 1 August 1781, Admiral Johan Zoutman led a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel, protected by seven ships of the line as well as a number of frigates and smaller armed vessels. Admiral Sir Hyde Parker was accompanying a convoy of ships from the Baltic when he spotted the sails of the Dutch fleet at 04:00 on the morning of 5 August. He immediately despatched his convoy toward the English coast, and ordered his line to give chase rather than prepare for battle.[7]: 48  Zoutman, whose ships had been interspersed with the merchantmen, signalled his line to form in between Parker and the convoy. The ships of Parker's fleet were not in the best of condition, since great demands were placed on the Royal Navy by the demands of the war, and all manner of ships were pressed into service, or did not receive necessary maintenance. Some ships were in such poor condition that the number of guns available to fire was reduced from its normal complement. The ships had had no time to practise the normal fleet manoeuvres.[7]: 46  In spite of this, Berwick and Parker's flagship Fortitude, both 74 guns, were both relatively new and in good shape. The Dutch crews were inexperienced as they had not seen any significant action due to the British blockade.

Battle

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With a calm sea and a breeze from the north-east, Zoutman manoeuvred his line of battle onto a port tack, heading south-east by east, and awaited the British, who held the weather gage. Parker's fleet closed in, raggedly at first due to the poor condition of some of their ships, into a line of battle abreast in accordance with a signal raised at 06:10. Dolphin and Bienfaisant were ordered to change places, which led to a mistake and placed the former against one of the largest Dutch ships and the latter without an opponent.[7]: 48 

When Parker raised the battle flag shortly before 08:00, for close action, his fleet moved closer. The Dutch ships did not fire as the British approached until the two fleets were at point-blank range. Zoutman then also raised his flag and ordered his fleet to fire, with his ship raking Fortitude with a broadside. A close action ensued, lasting for three hours and 40 minutes.[7]: 49  Around mid-morning, the Dutch merchant convoy retreated from the action and headed to the Texel. At 11:35, Parker gave the signal to reform his line as his fleet had become unmanageable, with his ships dropping to leeward and manoeuvring to reform their line of battle.[7]: 50  However, the British fleet was unable to complete this action due to damage they had suffered in the battle, and Parker decided to withdraw. Zoutman's heavily damaged ships remained at the battlefield for half an hour as proof they had secured it before sailing back to the Dutch Republic.[8][1]

Casualties on both sides were high, considering the number of ships involved. Fewer casualties were suffered, for example, in the battle of the Chesapeake, fought a month later between fleets more than twice as large. The British reported their losses at 104 killed and 339 wounded, while the Dutch reported their losses at 142 killed and 403 wounded.[9] British historian William Laird Clowes noted that certain reports suggested that the Dutch casualties were actually much higher, possibly reaching 1,100 killed and wounded.[2] The heavily damaged Dutch ship of the line Holland sank later that night. The British ship Belle Poule came upon her; her colours, still flying, were captured and carried to Parker.[10]

Holland sinking after the battle

Aftermath

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Both sides claimed victory and both convoys escaped. The British withdrew from the battle first, but the Dutch had lost a ship of the line and strategically the battle was a British victory since the Dutch fleet retreated to Texel and did not leave harbour again during the war. In addition, Dutch merchant trade remained crippled by the constant capture of their merchantmen by British privateers.[11] At least one Dutch convoy made it to the Baltic, but it flew under the Swedish flag and was accompanied by a Swedish Navy frigate.[12]

Parker, on his return, considered that he had not been properly equipped for his task. Upon his arrival at the Nore, he met George III and told him "I wish Your Majesty better ships and younger officers. As for myself, I am now too old for the service".[7]: 52  Parker then resigned his command.

In the Dutch Republic, the battle was the subject of widespread celebration. The last fleet action the Dutch navy had participated before the battle of was the Battle of Málaga in 1704, and now it had held its ground against the British fleet. The Dutch commanders were showered with praise and a wave of jingoism erupted in the Dutch Republic. The fact that the battle had failed to change the strategic situation was ignored.[13]

Order of battle

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Notes

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  1. ^ Holland, a 68-gun Dutch ship of the line, sank after the battle.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Van Nimwegen 2023, p. 228.
  2. ^ a b c Clowes 1898, p. 508.
  3. ^ Edler 2001, p. 343.
  4. ^ Davies 1851, p. 469.
  5. ^ Edler 2001, pp. 169–176.
  6. ^ Davies 1851, p. 468.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ross, Sir John. Memoirs of Admiral de Saumarez Vol 1.
  8. ^ De Jonge 1843, p. 629.
  9. ^ Medische Aspecten van de Slag bij Doggersbank
  10. ^ Allen 1852, p. 319.
  11. ^ Syrett p. 131
  12. ^ Davies 1851, p. 472.
  13. ^ Brand 2010, p. 24.
  14. ^ Clowes 1898, p. 505.

Bibliography

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