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Vakadidike

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Na vakadidike se saenitisi e dua na vagoleya kabani e tara ka tauyavutaka na kila-ka ena loma ni nodra ivakamacala kei parofisai me baleta na vuravura.

Na itukutuku ni saenitisi e kovuta na levu ni itukutuku makawa, na vu taumada ni vakadidike e rawa ni kunei mai Ijipita Makawa kei Mesopotemia ena rauta na 3500 ki 3000 BCE[1][2] Na nodra cau ena fika, maliwalala, kei wainimate curu ka bulia na filosofi ni veikabula vaka-Kiriki ni makawa kilai levu, ena kena sagai vakamatanitu me vakarautaki na ivakamacala ni veika e yaco ena vakayago vuravura yavutaki ena veika e dau yaco.[1][2] Ni sa bale na matanitu o Roma ena Ra, sa qai lutu sobu na kilai ni nodra rai na kai Kirisi me baleta na vuravura ena Ra Iurope ena itekitekivu senitiuri (400 – 1000 CE) ni Veitabagauna Loma[3] ia e maroroi tu ena vuravura Musolomani ena gauna ni Gauna Koula ni Islam.[4] Na vakabulabulataki kei na assimilation ni cakacaka vaka-Kiriki kei na vakatataro vaka-Isilami ki na Ra Iurope mai na ika 10 ki na ika 13 senitiuri e vakabulabulataka tale na "filosofi veikabula",[3][5] vata kei na nodra sasaga e muri na vuku ni Kirisi ni Byzantine era kauta mai na ivolavivigi ni Kirisi mai na Matanitu o Byzantine sa voleka ni mate ina Ra Iurope ena itekitekivu ni Veivakalesuimai, ka qai veisautaki e muri ena Veisau Vakasaenisi a tekivu ena ika 16 senitiuri[6]ni sa biubiu na vakasama vou kei veika e kunei mai na vakasama kei na itovo vakavanua vaka-Kirisi e liu.[7][8][9][10] Na iwalewale vakasaenisi sega ni dede sa vakaitavi vakalevu cake ena kena buli na kila ka ka sega ni yacova na ika 19 senijiuri ni sa tekivu me taura na kena irairai e vuqa na veivakatorocaketaki kei na kenadau ni vakadidike;[11][12]vata kei na veisau ni "filosofi ni veikabula" ki "vakadidike ni veikabula."[13]

Vakadidike ni gauna oqo e dau wasei vakatolu na tabana lelevu ka oka kina na vakadidike veikabula (me vaka na kilanibula, kemisitiri, kei fisiki), ka vulica na ituvaki ena kena ibalebale raraba; na vakadidike veimaliwai (me vaka na vakailavo, saikolaji, kei sosioloji), ka vulica na tamata yadua kei na veisoqosoqo; kei vakadidike vakamatanitu (me vaka na vakasama, fika, kei vakasama ni kompiuta, ka vulica na digidigi matailalai. E tiko na duidui,[14][15][16]ia, ena kena sa vakavuna dina na vakadidike vakamatanitu e dua na saenitisi me vaka ni ra sega ni vakararavi ki na vakatovotovo ivakadinadina.[17][15] Na veivakavulici e vakayagataka na kila vakasaenisi sa tu rawa me baleta na inaki vakacakacaka, me vaka na idinia kei na veiqaravi vakavuniwai, e vakamacalataki me vakadidike vakayagataki.[18][19][20][21]

Saenisi e yavutaki ena vakadidike, ka dau vakayacori ena veikoronivuli ni vuli kei na vakadidike ka vakakina ena veitabana ni matanitu kei kabani. Na kena vakayacori na vakadidike vakasaenisi sa vakavuna na kena basika na lawatu vakasaenisi ka saga me vakauqeta na kabani vakasaenisi ena kena vakaliuci na kena vakatorocaketaki na iyaya vakabisinisi, iyaragi, qaravi bula, kei taqomaki ni veikabula wavoliti keda.

Etimoloji

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Na vosa science sa vakayagataki ena vosa Vakavavalagi e loma mai na ika 14 senijiuri ena kena ibalebale "na ituvaki ni kila". Na vosa oqo e dinautaki mai na vosa Vakavalagi-Nomani me vaka na suffix -cience, ka a dinautaki mai na vosa vaka-Latini scientia, kena ibalebale "kila, kila vinaka", e dua na yaca e vakadewataki mai na sciens kena ibalebale "vakakila", o koya ga na vosa ni gauna oqo ni sciō, "me kilai".[22]

E vuqa na vakasama me baleta na science nei itekitekivu ni vosa. Me vaka e kaya o Michiel de Vaan, na daunivosa ni Necaladi kei Indo-Iurope, sciō e rawa ni tiko na kena itekitekivu ena vosa vaka-Italiki taumada me vaka *skije- se *skijo- ibalebale "me kilai", ka rawa ni tekivu mai na vosa taumada-Indo-Iurope me vaka na *skh1-ie, *skh1-io, ibalebale "me musuka". Na Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben vakaturi sciō e dua na ituvatuva ni muri ni nescīre, ibalebale "me sega ni kila vata", ka rawa ni vu mai na vosa taumada-Indo-Iurope*sekH- iena vaka-Latini secāre, se *skh2-, mai na *sḱʰeh2(i)- ibalebale "me tagutu".[23]

Ena veigauna sa oti, na saenitisi e dua na vosa vata kei na "kila-ka" se "vuli", ena kena maroroi na kena itekitekivu vaka-Latini. Na tamata e vakayacora na vakadidike vakasaenisi e vakatokai me "daufilosofi vakayago" se "tagane ni saenitisi".[24] Ena 1834, William Whewell vakacuruma na vosa scientist ena dua na railesuva ni Mary Somerville nei vola Ena kena semati na veika vakayago (On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences),[25] vakavinavinakataki koya ki na "so na turaga vuku" (rairai o koya ga).[26]

Veikitina

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" – one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be."  p.3—Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Science before the Greeks". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–27. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Grant, Edward (2007). "Ancient Egypt to Plato". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First ed.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  4. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–92. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  5. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  6. ↑ Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (First ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-199-56741-6.
  7. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (1990). "Conceptions of the Scientific Revolution from Baker to Butterfield: A preliminary sketch". In David C. Lindberg; Robert S. Westman (eds.). Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (First ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-521-34262-9.
  8. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The legacy of ancient and medieval science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 357–368. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  9. ↑ Del Soldato, Eva (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  10. ↑ Grant, Edward (2007). "Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First ed.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–322. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1.
  11. ↑ Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08928-7.
  12. ↑ The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.
  13. ↑ Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-226-18451-7. The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
  14. ↑ Bishop, Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-792-31270-3.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nickles, Thomas (2013). "The Problem of Demarcation". Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 104.
  16. ↑ Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. 1 (revised ed.). New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50. ISBN 978-0-765-80413-6.
  17. ↑ Fetzer, James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines (1st ed.). Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-443-81946-6.
  18. ↑ Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014). "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education". GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung. 31 (2): Doc24. doi:10.3205/zma000916. PMC 4027809. PMID 24872859.
  19. ↑ Abraham, Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students". Advances in Physiology Education. 28 (3): 102–04. doi:10.1152/advan.00001.2004. PMID 15319191. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Sinclair, Marius. "On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods". The International Journal of Engineering Education.
  21. ↑ "About Engineering Technology". Purdue School of Engineering & Technology. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  22. ↑ "Science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  23. ↑ Vaan, Michiel de (2008). "sciō". Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. p. 545. ISBN 978-90-04-16797-1.
  24. ↑ Cahan, David (2003). From natural philosophy to the sciences: writing the history of nineteenth-century science. University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–15. ISBN 0-226-08927-4.
  25. ↑ Ross, Sydney (1962). "Scientist: The story of a word". Annals of Science. 18 (2): 65–85. doi:10.1080/00033796200202722.
  26. ↑ "scientist". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
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