Ecology

Rapid urbanization has dramatically increased the demand for river sand, leading to soaring sand extraction rates that often exceed natural replenishment in many rivers globally. However, our understanding of the geomorphic and social-ecological impacts arising from Sand Mining (SM) remains limited, primarily due to insufficient data on sand extraction rates. Conventionally, bathymetry surveys and compilation of declared amounts have been used to quantify SM budgets, but they are often costly and laborious, or result in inaccurate quantification. Here, for the first time, we developed a Remote Sensing (RS)-based Deep Learning (DL) framework to map SM activities and budgets in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), a global SM hotspot. We trained a near real-time object detection system to identify three boat classes in Sentinel-1 imagery: Barge with Crane (BC), Sand Transport Boat (STB), and other boats. Our DL model achieved a 96.1% Mean Average Precision (mAP) across all classes and 9...

Decisions affecting the management of natural resources in agricultural landscapes are influenced by both social and ecological factors. Models that integrate these factors are likely to better predict the outcomes of natural resource management decisions compared to those that do not take these factors into account. We demonstrate how Bayesian Networks can be used to integrate ecological and social data and expert opinion to model the costeffectiveness of revegetation activities for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. We demonstrate our approach with a case-study in grassy woodlands of south-eastern Australia. In our case-study, cost-effectiveness is defined as the improvement in native reptile and beetle species richness achieved per dollar spent on a restoration action. Socio-ecological models predict that weed control, the planting of trees and shrubs, the addition of litter and timber, and the addition of rocks are likely to be the most cost-effective actions for improving reptile and beetle species richness. The cost-effectiveness of restoration actions is lower in remnant and revegetated areas than in cleared areas because of the higher marginal benefits arising from acting in degraded habitats. This result is contingent on having favourable landowner attitudes. Under the best-case landowner demographic scenarios the greatest biodiversity benefits are seen when cleared areas are restored. We find that current restoration investment practices may not be increasing faunal species richness in agricultural landscapes in the most cost-effective way, and that new restoration actions may be necessary. Integrated socio-ecological models support transparent and cost-effective conservation investment decisions. Application of these models highlights the importance of collecting both social and ecological data when attempting to understand and manage socio-ecological systems.

The eastern boundaries of oceanic basins connect the eutrophic waters of coastal upwelling areas with the oligotrophic open ocean waters. As a consequence, boundary currents have been postulated as potential key regions for organic matter production and export to the interior ocean. Nevertheless, there are almost no studies available on the role of boundary regions as sinks or links of coastally-produced organic matter to the open ocean waters of the subtropical Gyres. Here, we have evaluated the horizontal transport and consumption, from surface to 3000 m, of suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) through a boxmodel approach (20-29º N, 20-26º W) in the Canary Current region (subtropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean) . Our results show that a close balance exists if considering the whole water column, although sharp differences may be observed at different water masses. The upper Surface Waters (<100 m) show a westward transport of 3.5 x 108 mol C d-1 between 21º N and 24º N. However, the Central Waters (100-700 m) show a negative balance of -4.2 x 108 mol C d-1, with the highest POC entering through the more coastal section. Intermediate Waters (Mediterranean and Antarctic waters; 700-1000 m) present lower transports, except in the north transect, where 5.8 x 108 mol C d-1 are transported northward at the easternmost sector of the section. In the Deep Waters (>1000 m) the transport is almost negligible. Our results indicate that, during the time of our study, the upper Surface Waters accumulated and transported POC to the open ocean, perhaps due to the large mesoscale activity of the region. However, the Central Waters behaved as net sinks of coastally produced organic carbon, in agreement with the high remineralization rates reported for the mesopelagic zone of this region. Our results contradict previous studies from other boundary regions, which suggest that ocean margins act as links for coastal organic carbon sedimented on the continental shelf before being transported to the deep waters of the interior ocean. p. 43

In this paper, we present an integrated study of a 115-m-thick section that spans the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary at Agost (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain). Our study includes magnetostratigraphic results and biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental data derived from planktic foraminifera, small and larger benthic foraminifera, and calcareous nannofossils. Our results demonstrate that the Agost section is continuous and spans from Zones P9 to P12 (E7 to E10), Zones CP11 to CP14a (NP13 to NP16), Zones SBZ11 to SBZ15, and Chrons C22n to C19r. The first occurrence (FO) of H. nuttalli (base of P10) and the FO of G. nuttalli (base of E8) are found within Chron C20r, at a much younger age (3-5 Myr) than previously considered in standard calibration schemes. Similarly, the boundary between SBZ12 and SBZ13 is located within Chron C21n, also at a younger age than previously considered. On the contrary, the FO of B. inflatus (base of CP12b) is found within Chron C21r, which conforms to the magnetostratigraphically calibrated age of ca. 48 Ma (middle part of C21r) considered in standard calibration schemes. These results corroborate earlier studies and indicate that all the events that have been proposed to mark the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary appear at different stratigraphic intervals and have different ages. Based on our results from Agost and on data from other sections elsewhere, we suggest that the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary might be approximated by the FO of B. inflatus (base of CP12b). The Agost section might be considered as a potential candidate to locate the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Lutetian Stage, because it includes all the events that might be selected as marker events for the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary and it fulfils most of the geological, biostratigraphic and infrastructure requirements demanded for definition of a GSSP. ᮀ Agost , Betic Cordillera , biostratigraphy , calcareous nannofossils , Global Stratotype Section and Point , larger benthic foraminifera , magnetostratigraphy , planktic foraminifera , small benthic foraminifera , Ypresian/ Lutetian boundary .

Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» Анотація. У статті подано результати експериментальних досліджень застосування розробленого в НЛТУ України малогабаритного трелювального засобу типу «крокуючі сани», що поєднує в собі як переваги рушія ковзного типу, так і рушія колісного типу [1]. Такий засіб призначений для використання в складних умовах лісоексплуатації, а саме на заболочених лісосіках. Рушій візка, за наявності перешкоди або в разі «вгрузання» його в болото, прокручується та здійснює крок. На запропонований засіб отримано патент на корисну модель № 109011 [2]. За результатами проведених експериментальних досліджень визначено оптимальний кут прикладання тягового зусилля для переміщення трелювального засобу «крокуючі сани» під час руху лісосікою за наявності перешкод, який лежить в діапазоні 15°…19°. Здобуті експериментальним способом результати підтвердили достовірність проведених теоретичних досліджень. Визначено вплив величини зусилля затягування регулювальної гайки адаптивної крокової муфти на величину тягового зусилля. Запропонований трелювальний засіб «крокуючі сани» довів ефективність роботи під час використання в умовах, наближених до реальних. Ключові слова: трелювання, рушій, лісосіка, трелювальний засіб «крокуючі сани», тягове зусилля, адаптивна муфта.

During a 2015 study of the benthic amphipods of the coast of Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt, one unknown species of the amphipod genus Cerapus Say, 1817 (Ischyroceridae) was found associated with intertidal red and brown macroalgae and hydroids. This species is herein described as new and illustrated. It is distinguished from its congeners by the black spots on the first and second antennae and by the morphology of the urosome and telson. This is the first representative of this genus from the Red Sea. Also provided is a key to the 21 world-wide species of Cerapus.

Background Two cymothoid isopod species, Livoneca redmanii Leach, 1818 and Anilocra alloceraea Koelbel, 1878, have been discovered throughout the research period. These species have been morphologically compared to other closely related species. Their species sequences have been determined using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragments and compared to previously identified Livoneca and Anilocra species. The present study aims to provide a detailed morphological description along with parasitological indices of the L. redmanii species in the Mediterranean, which has previously been described in Egypt by several researchers using various misidentifications. According to the study findings, Livoneca redmanii was accidentally introduced into Qarun Lake with fish fry from the Mediterranean Sea. The morphological and parasitological descriptions of Anilocra alloceraea and L. redmanii are discussed. Additionally, A. alloceraea species is considered the first to be documented on the Egyptian marine coast. Conclusions Livoneca redmanii species can rapidly adapt to favorable conditions and be found among the most prevalent species in Egyptian marine environments. Our study supports the description of L. redmanii males, as well as some additional morphological features of both cymothoid species females. The discovery of these species in Egyptian waters has extended their geographic distribution. Additionally, this study marks a significant advancement in our knowledge of the dynamics of some parasitic isopod distribution among their preferred species as well as a critical step toward identifying the species that indeed inhabit Egyptian waters.

A new cricket species of the genus Endecous Saussure, 1878 is described in the present work found in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, which belongs to the limestone group Bambuí, Brazil. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the new species was related to the species Eidmanacris sp., which co-occurs with the former in several caves. Relationships between species abundance and horizontal projection, number of entrances and environmental stability of the caves where these species coexist were evaluated. The presence of bilateral symmetry in individuals of Endecous painensis n. sp. perhaps due to environmental stress caused by mining activities surrounding the cave was also tested. Endecous crickets are commonly observed in the caves, for which the preference by distinct microhabitats and generalist strategies may be key factors explaining colonization and segregation in relation to other cricket species in subterranean habitats. The generalist lifestyle of the he...

Recent years have seen a rise in interest in biosurfactants, which are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms that affect surfaces, particularly the surface tension of liquid-vapor interfaces. Due to their ability to emulsify and solubilize hydrophobic compounds as result of their amphipathic nature, biosurfactants are useful in degradation of hydrocarbon and are therefore applicable in oil spill management. Because they are biodegradable, have low toxicity, work well at high or low pH levels, and are more environmentally friendly than their chemical equivalents, biosurfactants have merits over their chemical counterparts. Biosurfactants are adaptable materials with a wide range of uses in the biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental contaminants. In addition, they have uses in pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. The continuous interest in biosurfactants results from these benefits and their vast variety of applications. Hydrophobic pollutants such as hydrocarbons and their derivatives are the major environmental issues due to their poor degradation but the use of biosurfactants can enhance their microbial degradation. When microorganisms try to use substrates like hydrocarbon as a source of carbon, they produce a variety of compounds called biosurfactants that help the diffusion into the cell. This review discusses the roles of these microbial products as veritable tools in environmental management with particular emphasis on the roles of biosurfactants in the sanitation of petroleum pollution and bioremediation of soils contaminated by pesticides.

We evaluate the fast-expanding food-energy system of double-cropped corn ethanol in the Brazilian Center-West region using a novel combination of environmental and socio-economic models. Based on this comprehensive approach, we find that this system provides renewable and affordable energy (5 billion liters of ethanol, 600 MWh of electrical power) and feed (4 thousand tonnes of distillers dried grains), reduces greenhouse gas emissions (9.3 million to 13.2 million tons of CO2e), saves land (160 thousand hectares), boosts regional income growth and consumption (0.05% to 0.6% increase in household income), improves food security, and benefits ecosystems and human health. These impacts are amplified when carbon capture and storage is coupled into the process. Key features responsible for this outcome include the integration of feedstock supply into existing practices and the use of sustainable biomass to provide process energy. Future analysis should consider region-specific factors wh...

AbaWanga people of western Kenya are known to have a rich history of ethnobotanical knowledge, probably due to their long interactive history of migration from North Africa to West Africa and then to Central and finally to East Africa. Their collective and accumulative ethnobotanical knowledge largely remains unknown and is likely to be just as rich and worth documenting, hence the current study. Non-alienating, dialogic, participatory action research (PAR) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches involving 100 women and men aged over 30 yrs old were utilized. A set of triangulation approach involving snowball and purposive sampling methods were used to select 100 key respondents. A total of 66 plant species distributed in 31 families were documented with Fabaceae family having the highest number of species (16.67%), followed by Euphorbiacea (9.09%) and Asteraceae (6.06%). The study showed extensive ethnic-based and varied ethnobotanical uses. There were 54 human diseases/...

ABSTRACTSuspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quanti...

In data-sparse locations, the necessity for the integration of remote sensing and in-situ-based approaches in assessing greenhouse gases cannot be overstressed. Akin other countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Nigeria is yet to leverage on and fully maximize the potentialities offered by satellite remote sensing in monitoring and assessment of biophysical and ecological change indicators including greenhouse gases. This study was undertaken with the prime motivation of ascertaining the variations of greenhouse gases concentrations in Delta State, Nigeria as well as the correlation between in-situ measurement and satellite remote sensing observation. Datasets comprising carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and were sourced from the archive of the European Space Agency and field sampling using Aeroqual S500 ambient air analyser. Descriptive statistics, independent Samples t-Test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD test of multiple comparisons and...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

12 Recursos Naturales y Ambiente/no. 5 1 Seminario Internacional “Cogestión de cuencas hidrográficas: experiencias y desafíos” realizado en CATIE del 1 al 16 de octubre del 200 2 Grupo Manejo Integrado de Cuencas Hidrográficas, CATIE. Correos electrónicos: lbenegas@catie.ac.cr; fjimenez@catie.ac.cr; faustino@catie.ac.cr; igentes@catie.ac.cr Experiencias y desafíos para la cogestión de cuencas hidrográficas en América Latina Conclusiones del seminario internacional

C omparatively speaking Antarctic land is almost lifeless, the Antarctic seas are among the most productive seas in the world. The interior of the continent is too hostile to sustain biological life, but a variety of life abounds its edges and adjacent waters. The species of the Polar regions are a few but the numbers of each are many. The present study was made with reference to algal floral diversity in the Shirmacher Oasis (SO) of the Antarctica. Thirty species of algae were recorded, predominantly belonging to blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae). Nitrogen fixing species both heterocystous and unicellular diazotrophs, contributed more than 50% of the counts and their dominance was greatest in the middle of the stream where nitrogen and other nutrients were low. Green algae and diatoms also contributed to the flora. The species composition varied between streams. Glacial and snow drift melt water species contained a distinctive community. Based on the diversity indices, these streams were classified into clusters.

The function of the plan-schematic settlements of the so called Cucuteni-Tripolye-Complex in the north-western pontic region remains enigmatic and yet, these structures haven´t been approached holistically. The article aims to address basic aspects as the construction plan and the chronology at one of these sites, the settlement Petreni in the Republic of Moldova. Beyond that, it shall be outlined, in how far the settlements served as mnemonic places. Deliberately burnt houses in these settlements represent a characteristic feature, which do not only resemble the end of a settling stage - they rather mark performative acts and may be associated with the death of a household or a community member. As the burnt house debris has not been removed or levelled, it reflects a visible marker for preceding generations among the living - such structures constitute distinctive mechanisms of commemoration and mirror communities which share a common set of experiences and knowledge.

A qualidade dos recursos hídricos tem sido alterada em função do desenvolvimento industrial nos últimos anos, principalmente pela disposição inadequada dos esgotos industriais e de lixos, aumentando cada vez mais a presença dos metais pesados nestes ambientes. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de concentração dos metais pesados Bário e Chumbo e as possíveis fontes de contaminações nas águas provenientes dos poços escavados, poços tubulares rasos e nascentes na área do entorno do Centro Industrial do Subaé -Tomba -Feira de Santana-BA. As análises demonstraram que dos 35 pontos de coletas, apenas 8 não apresentaram contaminação por metais pesados e que estão dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Portaria n.º 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde para consumo humano. Na avaliação dos resultados verificou-se a ocorrência desses elementos, nos poços que estão localizados próximos e em cotas altimétricas inferiores às fábricas que processam fertilizantes e as que realizam atividades de soldagem. Esta pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de fiscalização por parte dos órgãos responsáveis quanto ao consumo de águas de poços contaminados, que podem ser fonte de riscos à saúde pública.

Em função do desenvolvimento industrial nos últimos anos, a qualidade das águas subterrâneas tem sido alterada, principalmente pela disposição inadequada dos esgotos industriais. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água do aquífero freático e as possíveis fontes de contaminações nas águas provenientes dos poços escavados na área do entorno do CIS-Tomba -Feira de Santana-BA. Observou-se que todos os pontos de coletas analisados estão contaminados, quanto à presença de coliformes e alguns parâmetros físico-químicos analisados estão fora do padrão estabelecido para água potável segundo as legislações brasileiras.

A qualidade dos recursos hídricos tem sido alterada em função do desenvolvimento industrial nos últimos anos, principalmente pela disposição inadequada dos esgotos industriais e de lixos, aumentando cada vez mais a presença dos metais pesados nestes ambientes. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de concentração dos metais pesados Bário e Chumbo e as possíveis fontes de contaminações nas águas provenientes dos poços escavados, poços tubulares rasos e nascentes na área do entorno do Centro Industrial do Subaé -Tomba -Feira de Santana-BA. As análises demonstraram que dos 35 pontos de coletas, apenas 8 não apresentaram contaminação por metais pesados e que estão dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Portaria n.º 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde para consumo humano. Na avaliação dos resultados verificou-se a ocorrência desses elementos, nos poços que estão localizados próximos e em cotas altimétricas inferiores às fábricas que processam fertilizantes e as que realizam atividades de soldagem. Esta pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de fiscalização por parte dos órgãos responsáveis quanto ao consumo de águas de poços contaminados, que podem ser fonte de riscos à saúde pública.

Plant hydraulic architecture (PHA) has been linked to water transport sufficiency, photosynthetic rates, growth form and attendant carbon allocation. Despite its influence on traits central to conferring an overall competitive advantage in a given environment, few studies have examined whether key aspects of PHA are indicative of successional stage, especially within mature individuals. While it is well established that wood density (WD) tends to be lower in early versus late successional tree species, and that WD can influence other aspects of PHA, the interaction of WD, successional stage and the consequent implications for PHA have not been sufficiently explored. Here, we studied differences in PHA at the scales of wood anatomy to whole-tree hydraulic conductance in species in early versus late successional Panamanian tropical forests. Although the trunk WD was indistinguishable between the successional groups, the branch WD was lower in the early successional species. Across all species, WD correlated negatively with vessel diameter and positively with vessel packing density. The ratio of branch:trunk vessel diameter, branch sap flux and whole-tree leaf-specific conductance scaled negatively with branch WD across species. Pioneer species showed greater sap flux in branches than in trunks and a greater leaf-specific hydraulic conductance, suggesting that pioneer species can move greater quantities of water at a given tension gradient. In combination with the greater water storage capacitance associated with lower WD, these results suggest these pioneer species can save on the carbon expenditure needed to build safer xylem and instead allow more carbon to be allocated to rapid growth.

Stomatal regulation of transpiration constrains leaf water potential ('¥ L) within species-specific ranges that presumably avoid excessive tension and embolism in the stem xylem upstream. However, the hydraulic resistance of leaves can be highly variable over short time scales, uncoupling tension in the xylem of leaves from that in the stems to which they are attached. We evaluated a suite of leaf and stem functional traits governing water relations in individuals of 11 lowland tropical forest tree species to determine the manner in which the traits were coordinated with stem xylem vulnerability to embolism. Stomatal regulation of '¥ L was associated with minimum values of water potential in branches ('¥ br) whose functional significance was similar across species. Minimum values of '¥br coincided with the Communicated by Manuel Lerdau.

Some of the effects of past climate dynamics on plant and animal diversity make-up have been relatively well studied, but to less extent in fungi. Pleistocene refugia are thought to harbour high biological diversity (i.e. phylogenetic lineages and genetic diversity), mainly as a product of increased reproductive isolation and allele conservation. In addition, high extinction rates and genetic erosion are expected in previously glaciated regions. Some of the consequences of past climate dynamics might involve changes in range and population size that can result in divergence and incipient or cryptic speciation. Many of these dynamic processes and patterns can be inferred through phylogenetic and coalescent methods. In this study, we first delimit species within a group of closely related edible ectomycorrhizal Amanita from North America (the American Caesar's mushrooms species complex) using multilocus coalescent-based approaches; and then address questions related to effects of Pleistocene climate change on the diversity and genetics of the group. Our study includes extensive geographical sampling throughout the distribution range, and DNA sequences from three nuclear protein-coding genes. Results reveal cryptic diversity and high speciation rates in refugia. Population sizes and expansions seem to be larger at midrange latitudes (Mexican highlands and SE USA). Range shifts are proportional to population size expansions, which were overall more common during the Pleistocene. This study documents responses to past climate change in fungi and also highlights the applicability of the multispecies coalescent in comparative phylogeographical analyses and diversity assessments that include ancestral species.

Results obtained from the first survey for myxomycetes in the hyperarid areas of Peru are reported. Sampling over three consecutive years was carried out at 96 localities between 0 and 1500 m elevation. A total of 78 species from 23 genera in all 6 myxomycete orders were determined from 723 collections of myxomycetes. One new species, Didymium peruvianum, is described, 2 species new to the Neotropics, 4 new records for South America and 41 additional new species for Peru are reported, increasing the country catalogue by over 50%. Results show that arid areas are rich in myxomycetes, and that each area has a unique species assemblage. Endemic plants had a particular relevance as myxomycete substrates. The predominance of the order Physarales in arid areas is reinforced, and the ecological importance of coastal fogs (garúas) is evident from the results. Comments are included on interesting or rare collections, as are SEM micrographs of several species and statistical evaluation of the results.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a crop with prominence in Brazil and worldwide. The increase in soybean production and production capacity is associated with scientific and technological advances in the productive sector. One of these advances is the use of biostimulants. In this sense, this work aimed to review current knowledge about the effects of biostimulants on soybeans, highlighting the direct or indirect response of the plant when using such substances. This review was carried out through a research with a qualitative approach, being considered a literature review of the narrative type, using other studies and research at the same theme, in high impact magazines from the last five years or more that were relevant to the study, with subsequent critical reading about the subject. Based on found results, it is clear the use of biostimulants in soybeans is a potential alternative input for increasing the growth and development of the crop, as they are able to provide increments in i...

In this report we review 239 records of 86 species and one hybrid recently assessed by the California Bird Records Committee (hereafter the Committee or CBRC). Of these records, 160 were accepted, yielding an acceptance rate (68%) consistent with the most recent reports (Roberson 1993, Patten and. This rate, however, is lower than in earlier reports, primarily for two reasons. First, in the recent reports, we have voted on a substantial number of historical records that have been published but not reviewed, and a higher percentage of these records has been rejected. Second, the Committee has become more conservative recently. For this report, records dating from 1956 to 1991 were reviewed, the majority being from the summer of 1990 through the spring of 1991. This report adds no species to the California list, which stands at 586 species. This "inactivity" is temporaw, as the acceptance of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) will be reported in the 17th report and that of Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) and Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savanna) in the 18th. Other potential additions to the state list under review are the Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia), Manx Shearwate, r (Puffinus), and Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris). The Band-rumped Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma castro), on the state list by means of a single sight record, is being reconsidered. Outstanding decisions included in this report are the acceptance of California's second record of Stejneger's Petrel (Pterodroma 1ongirostris) and the rejection of prospective first state records of Townsend's Sheareeater (Puffin us a u ricu la r/s), the Band-tailed (Larus belcheri), Iceland (L. glaucoides) and Swallow-tailed Gulls (Creagrus furcatus), and the Oriental Turtle-Dove (Streptopelia orientalis). All records reviewed by the CBRC are archived at the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, 439 Calle San Pablo, Camarillo, CA 93010. All CALIFORNIA BIRD RECORDS forms of documentation (written descriptions, photographs, recordings, videotapes, etc.) are housed at the foundation, where they are organized taxonomically and by CBRC record number. All are available for public review. The CBRC solicits information on all occurrences in California of species on its Review List (see Roberson 1993) and requests that documentation be sent to Michael A.

Irrigation by benthic macrofauna has a major influence on the biogeochemistry and microbial community structure of sediments. Existing quantitative models of bioirrigation rely primarily on chemical, rather than ecological, information and the depth-dependence of bioirrigation intensity is either imposed or constrained through a data fitting procedure. In this study, stochastic simulations of 3D burrow networks are used to calculate mean densities, volumes and wall surface areas of burrows, as well as their variabilities, as a function of sediment depth. Burrow networks of the following model organisms are considered: the polychaete worms Nereis diversicolor and Schizocardium sp., the shrimp Callianassa subterranea, the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri, the fiddler crabs Uca minax, U. pugnax and U. pugilator, and the mud crabs Sesarma reticulatum and Eurytium limosum. Consortia of these model organisms are then used to predict burrow networks in a shallow water carbonate sediment at Dry Tortugas, FL, and in two intertidal saltmarsh sites at Sapelo Island, GA. Solute-specific nonlocal bioirrigation coefficients are calculated from the depth-dependent burrow surface areas and the radial diffusive length scale around the burrows. Bioirrigation coefficients for sulfate obtained from network simulations, with the diffusive length scales constrained by sulfate reduction rate profiles, agree with independent estimates of bioirrigation coefficients based on pore water chemistry. Bioirrigation coefficients for O 2 derived from the stochastic model, with the diffusion length scales constrained by O 2 microprofiles measured at the sediment/water interface, are larger than irrigation coefficients based on vertical pore water chemical profiles. This reflects, in part, the rapid attenuation with depth of the O 2 concentration within the burrows, which reduces the driving force for chemical transfer across the burrow walls. Correction for the depletion of O 2 in the burrows results in closer agreement between stochastically-derived and chemicallyderived irrigation coefficient profiles.

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from inland waters remain a major source of uncertainty in global greenhouse gas budgets. N 2 O emissions are typically estimated using emission factors (EFs), defined as the proportion of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) load to a water body that is emitted as N 2 O to the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed EFs of 0.25% and 0.75%, though studies have suggested that both these values are either too high or too low. In this work, we develop a mechanistic modeling approach to explicitly predict N 2 O production and emissions via nitrification and denitrification in rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries. In particular, we introduce a water residence time dependence, which kinetically limits the extent of denitrification and nitrification in water bodies. We revise existing spatially-explicit estimates of N loads to inland waters to predict both lumped watershed and half-degree grid cell emissions and EFs worldwide, as well as the proportions of these emissions that originate from denitrification and nitrification. We estimate global inland water N 2 O emissions of 10.6-19.8 Gmol N yr -1 (148-277 Gg N yr -1 ), with reservoirs producing most N 2 O per unit area. Our results indicate that IPCC EFs are likely overestimated by up to an order of magnitude, and that achieving the magnitude of the IPCC's EFs is kinetically improbable in most river systems. Denitrification represents the major pathway of N 2 O production in river systems, whereas nitrification dominates production in reservoirs and estuaries.

Diatom aggregates contribute significantly to the vertical sinking flux of particulate matter in the ocean. These fragile structures form a specific microhabitat for the aggregated cells, but their internal chemical and physical characteristics remain largely unknown. Studies on the impact of aggregation on the Si cycle led to apparent inconsistency. Despite a lower biogenic silica (bSiO 2 ) dissolution rate and diffusion of the silicic acid (dSi) being similar in aggregates and in seawater, dSi surprisingly accumulates in aggregates. A reaction-diffusion model helps to clarify this incoherence by reconstructing dSi accumulation measured during batch experiments with aggregated and non-aggregated Skeletonema marinoi and Chaetoceros decipiens. The model calculates the effective bSiO 2 dissolution rate as opposed to the experimental apparent bSiO 2 dissolution rate, which is the results of the effective dissolution of bSiO 2 and transport of dSi out of the aggregate. In the model, dSi transport out of the aggregate is modulated by alternatively considering retention (decrease of the dSi diffusion constant) and adsorption (reversible chemical bonds between dSi and the aggregate matrix) processes. Modelled bSiO 2 dissolution is modulated by the impact of dSi concentration inside aggregates and diatom viability, as enhanced persistence of metabolically active diatoms has been observed in aggregates. Adsorption better explains dSi accumulation within and outside aggregates, raising the possible importance of dSi travelling within aggregates to the deep sea (potentially representing 20% of the total silica flux). The model indicates that bSiO 2 dissolution is effectively decreased in aggregates mainly due to higher diatom viability but also to other parameters discussed herein.

Irrigation by benthic macrofauna has a major influence on the biogeochemistry and microbial community structure of sediments. Existing quantitative models of bioirrigation rely primarily on chemical, rather than ecological, information and the depth-dependence of bioirrigation intensity is either imposed or constrained through a data fitting procedure. In this study, stochastic simulations of 3D burrow networks are used to calculate mean densities, volumes and wall surface areas of burrows, as well as their variabilities, as a function of sediment depth. Burrow networks of the following model organisms are considered: the polychaete worms Nereis diversicolor and Schizocardium sp., the shrimp Callianassa subterranea, the echiuran worm Maxmuelleria lankesteri, the fiddler crabs Uca minax, U. pugnax and U. pugilator, and the mud crabs Sesarma reticulatum and Eurytium limosum. Consortia of these model organisms are then used to predict burrow networks in a shallow water carbonate sediment at Dry Tortugas, FL, and in two intertidal saltmarsh sites at Sapelo Island, GA. Solute-specific nonlocal bioirrigation coefficients are calculated from the depth-dependent burrow surface areas and the radial diffusive length scale around the burrows. Bioirrigation coefficients for sulfate obtained from network simulations, with the diffusive length scales constrained by sulfate reduction rate profiles, agree with independent estimates of bioirrigation coefficients based on pore water chemistry. Bioirrigation coefficients for O 2 derived from the stochastic model, with the diffusion length scales constrained by O 2 microprofiles measured at the sediment/water interface, are larger than irrigation coefficients based on vertical pore water chemical profiles. This reflects, in part, the rapid attenuation with depth of the O 2 concentration within the burrows, which reduces the driving force for chemical transfer across the burrow walls. Correction for the depletion of O 2 in the burrows results in closer agreement between stochastically-derived and chemicallyderived irrigation coefficient profiles.

Benthic algae and autotrophic seston are important bases of stream food webs, and several different environmental factors may influence their biomass. We explored how benthic algae and autotrophic seston biomass (using chlorophyll-a as a proxy for algal biomass) were associated with stream temperature, channel width, canopy cover, stream cardinal orientation, benthic macroinvertebrate functional feeding group abundance, salmonid biomass, and water velocity in 16 small, fish-bearing streams in the temperate rainforest of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State, USA, in the summer of 2020. We performed a mixed-effects regression analysis of extracted chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and then used model averaging to determine significant (α = 0.05) algal-environmental associations for benthic algae and autotrophic seston separately. We found that benthic algae chl-a concentration increased significantly with stream temperature (p = 0.0085) and decreased significantly with water velocity (p = 0.0053). For autotrophic seston, we found that chl-a concentration increased significantly with benthic macroinvertebrate predator abundance (p = 0.0007) and stream temperature (p = 0.0160). This study underscores the need to consider a broad range of environmental variables when making research and management decisions concerning stream ecology.

The impact of pollution caused by severe anthropogenic pressure in the Mediterranean Sea, an important biodiversity hotspot, requires continuous research efforts. Sources of highly toxic chemicals such as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are misunderstood in representative Mediterranean species, which limits our capability to establish proper conservation strategies. In the present study, eggs of Audouin&#39;s and yellow-legged gulls (Larus audouinii and L. michahellis) were used to investigate the trophic sources, as measured by δ(13)C, δ(15)N, and δ(34)S, of legacy POPs, in particular, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs), as well as recently-regulated POPs, e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Special attention was paid to the usefulness of rarely-explored δ(34)S ratios in explaining POP exposure in wildlife, and δ(34)S was the isotopic ratio that best explained POP variations among gulls in most cas...

Trophic ecology and movements are critical issues for understanding the role of marine predators in food webs and for facing the challenges of their conservation. Seabird foraging ecology has been increasingly studied, but small elusive species, such as those forming the 'little shearwater' complex, remain poorly known. We present the first study on the movements and feeding ecology of the Barolo shearwater Puffinus baroli baroli in a colony from the Azores archipelago (NE Atlantic), combining global location-sensing units, stable isotope analyses of feathers (δ 13 C and δ 15 N), stomach flushings and data from maximum depth gauges. During the chick-rearing period, parents visited their nests most nights, foraged mainly south of the colony and fed at lower trophic levels than during the non-breeding period. Squid was the most diverse prey (6 families and at least 10 different taxa), but species composition varied considerably between years. Two squid families, Onychoteuthidae and Argonautidae, and the fish family Phycidae accounted for 82.3% of ingested prey by number. On average, maximum dive depths per foraging trip reached 14.8 m (range: 7.9 to 23.1 m). After the breeding period, birds dispersed offshore in all directions and up to 2500 km from the breeding colony, and fed at higher trophic levels. Overall, our results indicate that the Barolo shearwater is a non-migratory shearwater feeding at the lowest trophic level among Macaronesian seabirds, showing both diurnal and nocturnal activity and feeding deeper in the water column, principally on small schooling squid and fish. These traits contrast with those of 3 other Azorean Procellariiformes (Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea, the Madeiran storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro and Monteiro's storm-petrel O. monteiroi), indicating ecological segregation within the Azorean seabird community.

The existence of two seasonally distinct breeding populations of Oceanodroma storm‐petrels in the Azores islands was first documented in 1996. The discovery of morphological differences between the populations led to the suggestion that they may represent cryptic sibling species. Recent mtDNA and microsatellite analysis from storm‐petrel populations has considerably advanced our understanding of their taxonomic relationships. Here we present new information on the timing of breeding and moult of the two Azores populations, the extent of exchange of individuals between seasons, and diet from feather isotopes. We conclude that the hot‐season Azores population should be considered a new species for which we propose the name Oceanodroma monteiroi, Monteiro&#39;s Storm‐petrel. The species is both genetically distinct and genetically isolated from the sympatric cool‐season population of Madeiran Storm‐petrel Oceanodroma castro, and from all other populations of Oceanodroma castro in the A...

In this study, a novel HSP90 gene (PdHSP90) was cloned from Prorocentrum donghaiense. The full length of PdHSP90 is 2443 bp, with 5 ′ -UTR of 111 bp, 3 ′ -UTR of 199 bp, and open reading frame (ORF) of 2133 bp. The ORF encodes a polypeptide of 710 amino acid residues, with molecular weight of approximately 85.81 kDa and isoelectric point of 4.95. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PdHSP90 belongs to the dinoflagellate clade and is closely related to HSP90s from P. minimum and P. micans. PdHSP90 expression increased under the thermal stress (p < 0.05), with the highest changes of 7.6-fold at 10°C 2 h post treatment compared to the control. PdHSP90 expression was significantly upregulated (1-to 10.8-fold change) (p < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of copper from 0 µM to 31.25 µM. PdHSP90 expression level under 176 µM nitrogen was nearly equal to that under 88 µM nitrogen, which were 4.5-and 4.6fold higher, respectively, compared with the control (p < 0.05). Upon treatment with phosphorus limitation from 36 µM to 3.6 µM, PdHSP90 transcription level increased 11.4-fold (p < 0.05) and then decreased. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying adaptation of P. donghaiense and other harmful dinoflagellates in response to diverse environmental factors.

A new species of Akodon is described using cranial, dental, and external morphology and morphometric data. The new species inhabits an isolated, ecotonal, montane forest-grassland area in central Tucuman Province, Argentina. This species, which appears to be closely related to A. puer caenosus, is here included in the boliviensis group of akodont rodents. Comparisons are made with A. spegazzinii and A. puer caenosus, which are found in the general area and are of similar body size and general morphology.

The study of islands biotas is fundamental to understand biodiversity patterns and process, both on evolutionary and ecological time scales. This study explores the influence of biogeographic and climatic factors on island species-area relationships (ISARs) in volcanic and continental islands, aiming to detect differences in slopes and intercepts between these island origins. Methods Data from 5049 vegetation plots on 58 Central Mediterranean Sea islands were collected from various sources. Islands were categorized as volcanic or continental based on their geological origin. area, isolation, maximum elevation, eccentricity, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation were calculated for each island. By using a moving window, we created groups of islands, and ISARs were fitted to each group using the Arrhenius power functions. Linear models and a permutation test were employed to examine how ISAR model parameters varied with the above-mentioned variables. Results While ISAR intercept values did not differ between island origins, volcanic islands showed higher ISAR slopes than continental islands. Whereas increasing island isolation and mean annual temperature increased ISAR intercepts on continental islands groups, it decreased on volcanic ones. Increasing annual precipitation decreased ISAR intercept on continental islands groups and increased on volcanic islands groups. Increasing island isolation, eccentricity and mean annual temperature increased the ISAR slope on volcanic islands groups while increasing annual precipitation decreased it. Increasing maximum elevation increased ISAR slope on continental islands groups. Our study provides evidence about the importance of island geological origin in determining the observed ISAR patterns. Biogeographic and climatic factors are pivotal in shaping species richness patterns on islands, exerting varying influences on both volcanic and continental islands. Keywords Biodiversity data • Island biogeography • Island species-area relationship * A. Chiarucci

This study aims to analyze the relationship of single-used expendable strategy and its impact on the environment on the supply chain and pallet logistics at PT. Sumber Rezeki Palletindo. There are two types of data used in this study, namely primary data by conducting in-depth interviews with employees of PT. Sumber Rezeki Palletindo and secondary data taken from previous research journals, the government's official website, namely the Agricultural Quarantine Agency. The results of this study indicate that the single-used expendable strategy used by PT. Sumber Rezeki Palletindo is considered the most effective because the costs incurred from production to product distribution are the most minimal costs compared to other strategies. As an implementation of green operation on pallets, the ISPM#15 fumigation process, Phosphine gas can be an alternative to fumigation in place of Methyl Bromide gas because it is considered not to leave residues harmful to the environment. Unfortunately, there is no alternative to Heat Treatment measures to reduce the environmental impact.

The available knowledge on the epidemiology of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is reassessed in the light of major advances in field and molecular studies of the disease it causes in rice. Previously undescribed means of transmission by mammals and through leaf contact have been discovered recently. Several agricultural practices, including the use of seedbed nurseries, have also contributed to a massive build-up of RYMV inoculum. Phytosanitation is now known to be critical to reduce disease incidence in rice. A new model of the ecology of RYMV in which man plays a central role has emerged. Furthermore, estimates of the evolutionary rate of change of RYMV provided a time-frame for its epidemiology, the first attempt for a plant virus. Earlier interpretations of the patterns of virus diversity which assumed a long-term evolution, and assigned a major role to adaptive events had to be discarded. In contrast, a wave-like model of dispersal of RYMV, which postulates its initial diversification in East Africa, followed by westward spread across the continent, was developed, refined and dated. The most salient -and largely unexpected -finding is that RYMV emerged recently and subsequently spread rapidly throughout Africa in the last two centuries. Diversification and spread of RYMV has been concomitant with an extension of rice cultivation in Africa since the 19th century. This major agro-ecological change increased the encounters between primary hosts of RYMV and cultivated rice. It also modified the landscape ecology in ways that facilitated virus spread.