Portal:Turkey

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Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turks, while ethnic Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Officially a secular state, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya.

First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to various ancient peoples. The Hattians were assimilated by the Hittites and other Anatolian peoples. Classical Anatolia transitioned into cultural Hellenization after Alexander the Great's conquests, and later Romanization during the Roman and Byzantine eras. The Seljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the Turkification process. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities. Beginning in 1299, the Ottomans united the principalities and expanded. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. During the reigns of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global power. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes, reforms, centralization, and rising nationalism while its territory declined.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life and mass migration into modern-day Turkey from the Balkans, Caucasus, and Crimea. Under the control of the Three Pashas, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, the Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the sultanate and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey emerged as a more homogenous nation state. The Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on the reforms initiated by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in the Korean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system.

Turkey is an upper-middle-income and emerging country; its economy is the world's 16th-largest by nominal and 12th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. As the 15th-largest electricity producer in the world, Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. It is a unitary presidential republic. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD, G20, and Organization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a NATO member and has its second-largest military force. It may be recognized as an emerging, a middle, and a regional power. As an EU candidate, Turkey is part of the EU Customs Union.

Turkey has coastal plains, a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges; its climate is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three biodiversity hotspots, Turkey is prone to frequent earthquakes and is highly vulnerable to climate change. Turkey has a universal healthcare system, growing access to education, and increasing levels of innovativeness. It is a leading TV content exporter. With numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites and intangible cultural heritage inscriptions, and a rich and diverse cuisine, Turkey is the fifth most visited country in the world. (Full article...)

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Louis Franchet d'Espèrey marching in Beyoğlu, 8 February 1919

The occupation of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un işgali) or occupation of Constantinople (12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in Galata on 7 February 1919.

Allied troops occupied zones based on the existing divisions of Istanbul and set up an Allied military administration early in December 1918. The occupation had two stages: the initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu, Ottoman Turkish: استانبولڭ قورتولوشی) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Turkey-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Istanbul Sapphire (2006–11) is the tallest building in Turkey and 4th in Europe. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 2The Nation's Library of the Presidency, Ankara (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 3Orhan Veli Kanık was the founder of the Garip Movement in Turkish poetry. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 4Map showing the Anatolian Plate, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault in Turkey. (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 5Originally a church, later a mosque, and now a Grand mosque, the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was built by the Byzantines in the 6th century. (from History of Turkey)
Image 6Antalya (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 7View from Levent district in Istanbul. Istanbul's skyline has changed especially since the early 2000s. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 8Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca was one of the most prolific Turkish poets of the Turkish Republic with more than 60 collections of his poems published, laureate of the Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 9The sultan of the golden age, Suleiman the Magnificent. (from History of Turkey)
Image 10View of Beydağları Coastal National Park (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 11Istanbul (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 12Turkish coffee (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 13Atatürk on the cover of the Time magazine, Vol. I No. 4, March 24, 1923. Title: "Mustapha Kemal Pasha" (from History of Turkey)
Image 14First Ziraat Bank Headquarters (1925–29) in Ankara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 15Turkish national basketball team won the silver medal in the 2010 FIBA World Championship. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 16Map of earthquakes in Turkey 1900–2023 (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 17Designed by Şekip Akalın, Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notable art deco design of its era. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 18Entrance portal of the Karatay Madrasa in Konya (c. 1251) (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 19Köppen climate types of Turkey (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 20The empire in 555 under Justinian the Great, at its greatest extent since the fall of the Western Roman Empire (its vassals in pink) (from History of Turkey)
Image 21Ankara (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 22Map of Istanbul by the miniature artist Matrakçı Nasuh (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 23Mehmed II enters Constantinople by Fausto Zonaro (from History of Turkey)
Image 24Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between 4–6 December 1943. (from History of Turkey)
Image 25Turkish delight (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 26Sami Frashëri (1850–1904) and his wife Emine, May 1884. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 27A view of Levent from Kanlıca across the Bosporus. (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 28Visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to Turkey in October 1917. Together with the Mehmed V and Enver Pasha (from History of Turkey)
Image 29Mount Nemrut, Adıyaman (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 30Anıtkabir designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (1944–53) (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 31An oil wrestling tournament in Istanbul. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 32Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem (1847–1914) was another prominent Turkish poet of the late Ottoman era. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 33Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 34Night view of the Taksim Mosque (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 35Namık Kemal was a prominent Turkish poet, novelist, playwright and journalist of the late-19th-century Ottoman Empire. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 36Lake Van (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 37Mount Ararat (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 38Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (1944–52) designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem and Emin Onat (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 39Karagöz and Hacivat are the lead characters of Turkish shadow play, popularized during the Ottoman period. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 40Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (1568–1574) (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 41Ankara Opera House, designed by Şevki Balmumcu (1933–34) and renovation by Paul Bonatz (1946–47). (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 42Map of the Lydian Kingdom in its final period of sovereignty under Croesus, c. 547 BC. (from History of Turkey)
Image 43View of Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 44Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars (from History of Turkey)
Image 45Mount Erciyes near Kayseri (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 46Beaches and marina of Kemer near Antalya on the Turkish Riviera. (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 47Tevfik Fikret (1867–1915) was a prominent Turkish poet of the late Ottoman era. (from Culture of Turkey)
Image 48Istanbul LGBT Pride 2013 at Taksim Square during Gezi Park protests (from History of Turkey)
Image 49Thrace and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom in its maximum extent under Sitalces (431-424 BC) (from History of Turkey)
Image 50Butterfly Valley on the Turkish Riviera. (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 51Kaçkar Mountains. (from Geography of Turkey)
Image 52Yalikavak Palmarina in Bodrum (2014) designed by Emre Arolat (from Culture of Turkey)

Did you know - show different entries

... that the Sultan Bayezid II Mosque is the oldest surviving Ottoman imperial mosque complex in Istanbul, Turkey? (August 13, 2008) Wikipedia:Recent additions 226
... that Varda Viaduct
(pictured), a 98 m (322 ft) high railway viaduct at Taurus Mountains, will be a shooting location of the next James Bond movie Skyfall? (January 5, 2012)
... that Hüseyin Özer went from living on the streets of Ankara to owning a British restaurant chain and teaching at Middlesex University? (May 24, 2012)
... that Fatma Aliye Topuz (1862-1936), whose portrait illustrates the reverse of the current 50 Turkish lira banknote, is credited as the first female Turkish and Muslim writer? (May 5, 2009) Wikipedia:Recent additions 244
... that Iznik-tiled lunette panels believed to have been removed from Istanbul's Piyale Pasha Mosque in the 19th century are currently on display in various museums such as the Louvre and the V&A? (February 21, 2012)
... that the Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul disaster, which occurred in 1890 off Kushimoto, led to strengthening foreign relations between Turkey and Japan? (January 16, 2008) Wikipedia:Recent additions 200
... that the early Christian Martyrion of Saints Carpus and Papylus, which is part of the Church of Saint Menas complex in Istanbul, currently houses two shops, an iron workshop and a car wash? (October 28, 2011)

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Image 1Lahmacun
Image 2The tughra of Mahmud II. "Mahmud Han bin Abdulhamid muzaffer daima" ("Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious").
Image 3The Temple of Athena at Priene, an ancient site near Turunçlar in Aydın province.
Image 4the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne
Image 5Tarkan with Hungarian fans
Image 6A tram in Istanbul
Image 718th-century Ottoman barber's apron
Image 8Mount Nemrut
Image 9Flag of Turkey, from flowers
Image 10Safranbolu
Image 11Antalya
Image 12The ancient Lake Abant Nature Park in Bolu
Image 13Iznik, 16th-century vase
Image 141. picture on portal: The prominent towers of Dayro d-Mor Gabriel; 15th December 2005
Image 15the Bosphorus Bridge
Image 16A Kocek
Image 17Aydilge Sarp; Turkish singer, songwriter and novelist
Image 18Tünel, Istanbul
Image 19Lake Akdoğan in Muş
Image 20An airplane with a nazar boncuğu symbol that is said to offer protection from the "evil eye".
Image 21The sun setting over the Golden Horn in the city of Istanbul.
Image 22Cappadocia
Image 23Ölüdeniz
Image 24Rize
Image 25Kemer
Image 26A faculty of Sakarya University
Image 27Atatürk praying

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Sami Erol Gelenbe (born 22 August 1945, Istanbul) is a Turkish and French computer scientist, electronic engineer and applied mathematician, renowned for pioneering work in computer system and network performance. His academic career spans several prestigious institutions and roles, including current positions as Professor at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics of the Polish Academy of Sciences since 2017, and visiting professorships at King's College London, the I3S Laboratory (CNRS, University of Côte d'Azur) and the Abraham de Moivre Laboratory (CNRS, Imperial College London).

A Fellow of several national academies, Gelenbe has chaired the Informatics Section of Academia Europaea since 2023. His extensive professorial tenures include roles at the University of Liège, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris Descartes, NJIT, Duke University, the University of Central Florida, and Imperial College, where he served as the Dennis Gabor Professor and Head of Intelligent Systems and Networks. (Full article...)

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Burak Yılmaz Piri Reis Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Ahmet Necdet Sezer Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Alp Arslan Nureddin Pasha Tuncay Şanlı İsmet İnönü Sıla (singer) Orhan Pamuk Kemal Derviş Hande Yener Sertab Erener Said Altınordu Tarkan (singer) Junayd of Aydın Daron Acemoglu

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Boats in Istanbul

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Videos from Turkey on Wikimedia Commons

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“

A satiated man doesn't know what's hunger, a healthy man doesn't know what's disease.

”

Turkish proverb

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Turkish proverbs in Wikiquote

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Recognized content

	Alanya, Byzantine Empire, SMS Goeben, The Turk, List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul, Italian War of 1521–1526, Italian War of 1542–1546, List of battleships of the Ottoman Empire, Rhodes blood libel
	2004 Istanbul summit, 2008 Turkish Grand Prix, Battle of Manzikert, Battle of Marash, Battle of Vaslui, Church of St. Polyeuctus, First Crusade, Great Zab, Hood event, Limyra Bridge, Siege of Szigetvár, Night Attack at Târgoviște, Third Perso-Turkic War, Walls of Constantinople, Gallipoli Campaign, Battle of Lone Pine